Basic alumina

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Germany

Basic alumina is a type of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) used in various laboratory applications. It serves as a support material, adsorbent, and catalyst carrier in analytical and purification processes. Basic alumina possesses a high surface area and exhibits both acidic and basic properties, making it useful for a range of chromatographic and separation techniques.

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10 protocols using basic alumina

Synthesis and Characterization of Polymerized Microparticles

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Acetic acid (≥99.7%), basic alumina (Brockman activity I, 60–325 mesh), α-chymotrypsinogen A from bovine pancreas, divinylbenzene (DVB, 80%), lysozyme from chicken egg white (≥90%), potassium persulfate (KPS, ≥99.0%), ribonuclease A, type I-A, from bovine pancreas (≥60%), sodium hydroxide (≥98.0%), styrene (Sty, 99%) and 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (≥98%) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Acetone (>98%) and ethanol (>99%) were obtained from Chem-Supply (Gillman, South Australia, Australia). Span® 80 (≥60%) and formic acid (≥98.0%) were obtained from Fluka (Seelze, Hannover, Germany). Acetonitrile (≥99.8%) was obtained from VWR (Radnor, PA, USA). Calcium chloride dihydrate (≥98.0%) was obtained from Ajax Chemicals (Sydney, NSW, Australia). Hydrochloric acid (37%) was obtained from Merck (Kilsyth, VIC, Australia). Methanol (MeOH, 99.9%) was obtained from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States). The monomers (Sty and DVB) were passed through a column of basic alumina to remove inhibitors. KPS was re-crystalized from H₂O. All other chemicals were used as received. The H₂O used in all experiments was first purified using a Milli-Q system (Millipore). Polyimide-coated capillaries of 150 μm i.d. (360 μm o.d.), 250 μm i.d. (360 μm o.d.) and 540 μm i.d. (670 μm o.d.) were obtained from Polymicro Technologies.

Desire C.T., Arrua R.D., Mansour F.R., Bon S.A, & Hilder E.F. (2019). Effect of shearing stress on the radial heterogeneity and chromatographic performance of styrene-based polymerised high internal phase emulsions prepared in capillary format. RSC Advances, 9(13), 7301-7313.

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Immobilized Lipase B for Organic Synthesis

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Dimethyl itaconate (DMI) and cerium (III) ammonium nitrate (CAN) were purchased from Alfa Aesar. Cerium (IV) ammonium nitrate (CAN) was purchased from FSA. All other chemicals and solvents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and used as received if not otherwise specified. For the powdered supports used as received in this study the following information is available from the supplier (Sigma-Aldrich): acidic alumina (19996-6), Brockmann I, 58 Å pore size, 150 mesh; neutral alumina (199974), Brockmann I, 58 Å pore size; basic alumina (199443), Brockmann I, 58 Å pore size; silica K60 (60738), 60 Å pore size, 220–240 mesh. Candida Antarctica lipase B (CaLB) immobilized onto methacrylic resin was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (product code L4777, also known as Novozym 435). The enzyme was dried under vacuum for 96 h at 25°C and stored in a desiccator prior to use.

Moore O.B., Hanson P.A., Comerford J.W., Pellis A, & Farmer T.J. (2019). Improving the Post-polymerization Modification of Bio-Based Itaconate Unsaturated Polyesters: Catalyzing Aza-Michael Additions With Reusable Iodine on Acidic Alumina. Frontiers in Chemistry, 7, 501.

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Synthesis of Multifunctional Polymer Materials

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N-Isopropylacrylamide (NIPAm, 97%), tert-butyl acrylate (tBA, 98%), β-cyclodextrin
(β-CD), 2-bromoisobutyryl bromide (BiBB, 98%), 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
(NMP), dichloromethane (DCM), copper powder (Cu⁰, 99.7%,
45 cm² g^–1), crystal violet (CV, ≥90.0%),
ethyl 2-bromoisobutyrate (EBiB, 98%), copper(I) bromide (CuBr, ≥99.995%),
copper(II) bromide (CuBr₂, ≥99.995%), potassium
fluoride (KF, 99%), trifluoroacetic acid (TFA, ≥98%), spermidine
(99%), basic alumina, and chloroform-d (CDCl₃) were obtained
from Sigma-Aldrich. The (2-trimetylsiloxy)ethyl methacrylate (HEMA-TMS)
was purchased from Scientific Polymer Products. The tris(2-dimethylaminoethyl)amine
(Me₆TREN, ≥99%), gadolinium(III) chloride hexahydrate
(GdCl₃·6H₂O, 99%), anisole (99%), and N,N-dimethylformamide
(DMF, 99%) were purchased from Alfa Aesar. HNO₃ (70%, trace
metal grade) and H₂O₂ (30%, ACS grade) were
purchased from Fisher Scientific. Dialysis bags with desired molecular
weight cutoffs were purchased from Spectrum Lab (Spectra/Por 7). The tBA monomer was purified by passing through basic alumina
to remove inhibitors. Other chemicals were used as received without
further purification.

Zhang Y., Fu L., Martinez M.R., Sun H., Nava V., Yan J., Ristroph K., Averick S.E., Marelli B., Giraldo J.P., Matyjaszewski K., Tilton R.D, & Lowry G.V. (2023). Temperature-Responsive Bottlebrush Polymers Deliver a Stress-Regulating Agent In Vivo for Prolonged Plant Heat Stress Mitigation. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 11(8), 3346-3358.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Biomimetic Polymers

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Calcium chloride (CaCl₂), magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄), sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO₃), sodium chloride (NaCl), triethylamine (TEA) and hydrochloric acid (HCl, 1 M) were purchased from Fisher Scientific and used as received. Ethylene glycol (99.8%), anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (THF, 99%), 1-dodecanol (99%), α-bromoisobutyl bromide (98%), anisole (99%), oligo(Ethylene glycol methacrylate) (OEGMA, M_n = 300 g mol⁻¹, 98%), Ethylene glycol dimethacylate (EGDMA), 2,2′-bipyridyl (bpy), copper(i) chloride (CuCl, 97%), activated neutral alumina, basic alumina, porcine mucin, bovine serum albumin (BSA, >98%), cholesterol, linoleic acid, phosphatidylcholine and polysorbate 80 were purchased from Sigma Aldrich and used as received. Potassium ethyl xanthogenate (96%), 2-bromoacetic acid, 4-(dimethylamino) pyridine (DMAP, >99%), N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC, >99%) and 2-bromoacetic acid were all purchased from Alfa Aesar and used as received. 4-(Dimethylamino)pyridinium-4-toluene sulfonate (DPTS) was synthesised as previously reported.^{25 (link)} Polyacrylic acid (Carbopol 940) was purchased from Lubrizol. All solvents, unless stated otherwise, were reagent grade, purchased from Fisher Chemicals and used as received.

Edwards S.E., Flynn S., Hobson J.J., Chambon P., Cauldbeck H, & Rannard S.P. (2020). Mucus-responsive functionalized emulsions: design, synthesis and study of novel branched polymers as functional emulsifiers. RSC Advances, 10(51), 30463-30475.

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Synthesis of Functional Polymer Nanoparticles

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N-Isopropylacrylamide
(NIPAm,
97%), 2-(dimethyl amino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA, 98%), β-cyclodextrin
(β-CD), 2-bromoisobutyryl bromide (BiBB, 98%), 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
(NMP), 1,1,4,7,10,10-hexamethyltriethylenetetramine (HMTETA, 97%),
dichloromethane (DCM), copper powder (Cu⁰, 99.7%, 45 cm² g^–1), Rose Bengal (RB, 95%), Crystal violet
(CV, ≥90.0%), diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid gadolinium(III)
dihydrogen salt (Gd-DTPA, 97%), ethyl 2-bromoisobutyrate (EBiB, 98%),
copper(I) bromide (CuBr, ≥99.95%), copper(II) bromide (CuBr₂, ≥99.995%), potassium fluoride (KF, 99%), basic alumina,
and chloroform-d (CDCl₃) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich.
(2-Trimethylsiloxy)ethyl methacrylate (HEMA-TMS) was purchased from
Scientific Polymer Products. Tris(2-dimethylaminoethyl) amine (Me₆TREN, ≥99%), gadolinium(III) chloride hexahydrate (GdCl₃·6H₂O, 99%), anisole (99%), and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, 99%) were purchased from
Alfa Aesar. HNO₃ (70%, trace metal grade), Silwet L-77,
and H₂O₂ (30%, ACS grade) were purchased from
Fisher Scientific. Dialysis bags with desired molecular weight cutoffs
were purchased from Spectrum lab (Spectra/Por 7). The DMAEMA monomer
was purified by passing it through basic alumina to remove the inhibitor.
Other chemicals were used as-received without further purification.

Zhang Y., Martinez M.R., Sun H., Sun M., Yin R., Yan J., Marelli B., Giraldo J.P., Matyjaszewski K., Tilton R.D, & Lowry G.V. (2023). Charge, Aspect Ratio, and Plant Species Affect Uptake Efficiency and Translocation of Polymeric Agrochemical Nanocarriers. Environmental Science & Technology, 57(22), 8269-8279.

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Synthesis of Polypyrrole Nanocomposites

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Iron(III) chloride hexahydrate (97%) was purchased from Alfa Aesar (UK).
(NH₄)₂S₂O₈ (APS), anthracene (97%), and
Pyrrole were each purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (UK). Pyrrole was purified by alumina
chromatography (basic alumina, Sigma-Aldrich UK) prior to use. Silicone SAG1572
(Momentive, Germany) was used as an antifoaming agent, while Morwet D-425 (Nouryon,
Sweden; molecular weight range = 1 000 to 5 000 g mol^–1) was used as a
dispersant. Deionized water was obtained from an Elga Medica DV25 water purification unit.
Finally, 1.0 mm ceramic beads (zirconium aluminum oxide) were obtained from
Sigmund-Lindner (Germany).

Chan D.H., Millet A., Fisher C.R., Price M.C., Burchell M.J, & Armes S.P. (2021). Synthesis and Characterization of Polypyrrole-Coated Anthracene Microparticles: A New Synthetic Mimic for Polyaromatic Hydrocarbon-Based Cosmic Dust. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 13(2), 3175-3185.

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Photoinitiated Graft Polymerization

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1,6-Hexanediol
dimethacrylate (>90%), phenylbis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine
oxide (BAPO, 97%), ethyl α-boromoisobutyrate (EBiB, 98%), ethylene
bis(2-bromoisobutyrate) (2-BiB, 97%), copper(II) bromide (CuBr₂, 99.999%), tris[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amine
(Me₆TREN), methacrylic acid (99%), potassium tert-butoxide (potassium t-butoxide, 98%), and tetrabutylammonium
bromide (TBAB, 98%) were used as received from Sigma-Aldrich. n-Butyl acrylate (n-BA, 99%) was obtained
from Sigma-Aldrich and purified by passing through a column of basic
alumina (Sigma-Aldrich, activated, basic, Brockman I) to remove inhibitor.
Acetonitrile, anhydrous methanol, dichloromethane, acetone, anisole,
and N,N-dimethylacetamide were used
as received from Sigma-Aldrich. In addition, α,ω-methacryloxypropyl-terminated
poly(dimethylsiloxane) (DMS-R18, average molar mass of 5000 g/mol, Đ = 1.15) was obtained from Gelest and purified using
basic alumina columns to remove inhibitor.

Sheiko S.S., Vashahi F., Morgan B.J., Maw M., Dashtimoghadam E., Fahimipour F., Jacobs M., Keith A.N., Vatankhah-Varnosfaderani M, & Dobrynin A.V. (2022). Mechanically Diverse Gels with Equal Solvent Content. ACS Central Science, 8(6), 845-852.

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Extraction and Analysis of PCDD/Fs

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For extraction, HPLC grade toluene, hexane and dichloromethane were purchased from Riedel-de Haën (Germany), sulphuric acid (ACS reagent), copper powder, basic alumina and high purity silica gel (100-200 mesh) were obtained from Sigma Aldrich, Poole, Dorset, Dulin, (Republic of Ireland). Anhydrous sodium sulphate was purchased from Rochelle chemicals, Merck, Central Carolina (USA). Cellulose extraction thimbles were purchased from Whatman International Ltd (England). Internal standards (EDF 4145) isotopically labeled and unlabeled PCDD/Fs standards (EDF 4999), were purchased from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, CIL, Andover, MA, (USA).

Pius C., Koosaletse-Mswela P., Dikinya O, & Sichilongo K. (2023). Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) contamination in sediments and fish from Msimbazi River in Dar es Salam, Tanzania: patterns, sources, and their exposure to humans. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 195(6).

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Characterization of Rainbow Pigments

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Seven pigments each possessing a primary colour of the rainbow were received from BASF, Germany. They were used without any further purification. Their names, abbreviations and other properties are given in Table 1. The pigments are crystalline in nature with an average primary particle diameter of a few hundred nanometres. The densities of the particles range from 1.32 to 2.14 g cm^–3. Pigments PR and PO are mono-azo pigments, PY is a quinophthalone whilst PG and PB belong to the phthalocyanine class. PI is a dioxazine pigment and PV is a quinacridone pigment. The oil used for preparing emulsions was n-heptane (Sigma Aldrich, 99% pure). It was columned twice before use (using basic alumina from Merck) in order to remove polar impurities. Water was passed through an Elga reverse osmosis unit and then a Milli-Q reagent water system. Four other liquids used for the estimation of pigment surface energy were glycerol (Sigma, 99%), formamide (Sigma, >99%), α-bromonapthalene (Sigma, 97%) and n-hexadecane (Sigma, 99%).

Binks B.P, & Olusanya S.O. (2016). Pickering emulsions stabilized by coloured organic pigment particles †Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See DOI: 10.1039/c6sc03085h Click here for additional data file.. Chemical Science, 8(1), 708-723.

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Characterizing Organic Pigment Surface Energy

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The water used was passed through an Elga reverse osmosis unit and then a Milli-Q reagent water system. The oil used is n-heptane (Sigma, 99%). It was columned twice using basic alumina (Merck) to remove polar impurities. The liquids used for the estimation of pigment surface energy are glycerol (Sigma Aldrich, 99%), formamide (Sigma Aldrich, ≥ 99%), α-bromonaphthalene (Sigma Aldrich, > 97%) and hexadecane (Sigma Aldrich, > 99%). The five organic pigments used were received from BASF (Germany) and their chemical formula and several properties are given in Table S1. Red pigment, PR (Irgalite Red D 3707) and orange pigment, PO (Cromophtal Orange K 2960) are mono azo pigments with an average primary diameter of 0.16 and 0.18 μm respectively. Yellow pigment, PY (Paliotol Yellow K 0961) is a quinophthalone pigment with a diameter of 0.17 μm. Blue pigment, PB (Heliogen Blau K 6907) is a phthalocyanine with a diameter of 0.44 μm whilst indigo pigment, PI (Cromophtal Violet D 5700) is a dioxazine pigment of diameter 0.15 μm. Pigment orange, PO is relatively hydrophilic whilst the other four pigments are more hydrophobic. The four particle mixtures considered are POPR, POPY, POPI and POPB.

Binks B.P, & Olusanya S.O. (2018). Phase Inversion of Colored Pickering Emulsions Stabilized by Organic Pigment Particle Mixtures. Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids, 34(17).

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