Phospholipid 90g

Analytical grade Chloroform of Merck and analytical grade Methanol of Sigma Andrich were used as organic solvents for the formulation of transfersome and liposomes. Absolute Hydrochloric acid (Merck) and Sodium Hydroxide (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) were used for the quantitative analysis of Glucosamine sulfate as per official compendia method. Triethylamine procured from Merck was used for the formulation of hydrogel. Eugenol was purchased from Sigma Scientific Pvt limited. Phosphate Buffer saline (PBS) solution having PH. 7.0 was made from PBS tablets purchased from Sigma Scientific. Distilled water was taken from pharmaceutics lab, Department of Pharmacy, Riphah International University (Islamabad, Pakistan).
For the formulation of transfersome, Phospholipid 90G was generously gifted by Lipoid Germany, Glucosamine sulfate was gifted from Polyline ChemPharma Peshawar, Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sorbitan monostearate (Span 60) were procured from Merck. For the induction of osteoarthritis in knee joint of rabbits l-Cysteine and Papain were procured from Sigma Adrich Germany. All the chemicals were of pure analytical grade.

Isopropyl isothiocyanate, was purchased from Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA. Span 20, span 40, span 60, and span 80 were purchased from SD fine chemicals, Mumbai, India. Phospholipid 90G was received as gift sample from Lipoid GmbH, Ludwigshafen, Germany. Acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin) was purchased from CDH Fine chemicals, New Delhi, India. The other materials, thrombin, carageenan, and chromogenic substrate, were procured from Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA. Cholesterol was purchased from Alpha Chemika, (Mumbai, India). Methanol and chloroform was purchased from Fisher Scientific, Loughborough, UK.

Rutin Hydrate (RUT) was procured from Sigma-Aldrich, (Burlington, MA, USA), a product of China. Phospholipid 90G was procured from Lipoid, Ludwigshafen, Germany. Sisco Research Laboratories PVT LTD, Mumbai, India provided the cholesterol, DPPH, and rhodamine-B. Other chemicals like glycerol, HPLC Water, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and HCL were purchased from SD Fine Chemicals, (Mumbai, India). Carbopol^® 934P NF (Carbopol 934P NF is used as Extended-release agent, Suspension and emulsion stabilizer and Bio adhesive agent) was received as a gift sample from Lubrizol Advanced Materials Inc., (Wickliffe, OH, USA). All the other solvents such as methanol, chloroform, ethanol, and octanol used were of laboratory grade, procured from Merck (Mumbai, India).