Wild m10 microscope

The tensile test was performed on an electromechanical testing machine, Vibrophore 100 (Zwick/Roel, Ulm, Germany). The test method is defined by the ASTM 638-22 Standard [29 ]. The test specimen is elongated until it breaks, and the associated force–displacement curve is recorded, from which the stress–strain curve can be calculated. The measurements were carried out with the speed of 1 mm/min at 23 °C and 50% relative humidity. Five repetitions were made for each material. Reduction in area (nominal)—the difference between the original cross-sectional area measured at the point of rupture after breaking and after all retraction has ceased, expressed as a percentage of the original area—was calculated according to Equation (1), where Z stands for reduction in area, ${\mathrm{S}}_0$ for the original cross-sectional area and ${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{u}}$ for the cross-sectional area at the point of rupture, measured after breaking the specimen.
$$\mathrm{Z}=\frac{{\mathrm{S}}_0-{\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{u}}}{{\mathrm{S}}_0}\times 100\%$$
After carrying out the tensile test, a Leica WILD M 10 microscope was used to determine the braking phases on the test specimens. The Digimizer software (version 6.3.0) was used to estimate the surface area of the individual breaking phase of each specimen.

The fossils were studied using a Leica Wild M10 microscope equipped with a Leica DFC 425 camera. Overview images were taken with a Canon 250D camera. Vegetative structures (leaves, petiole, and peduncle) of Notocyamus exhibit anatomical details preserved by iron oxide replacement of tissues. These details were observed in a high vacuum with a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) (Carl Zeiss EVO 50 and EVO LS 10, Germany). For SEM analyses, pieces of leaves, petiole and peduncle were removed from the specimen, mounted on stubs, and coated with gold for four minutes with a Polaron SC7640 sputter coater. Photographs of fossils were edited with Adobe Photoshop software.

The homeotic specimen of O. moreleti was collected near Puerto de la Morcuera, Madrid, Spain, 20.9.1975, J. Tortajada Perote leg., and is preserved in 70% alcohol in the collections of the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid (MNCN 20.07/759). Measurements were made using a Leica Wild M10 microscope equipped with an ocular micrometer. Photos were taken with a Leica digital camera M205A mounted on a stereomicroscope Leica DFC 420, using Leica Application Suite software. For Scanning Electron Microscopy, the gonopods were cleaned with ultrasound, dehydrated in 96% ethanol and acetone, air-dried, mounted on adhesive electrical tape attached to aluminum stubs, coated with platinum/palladium and studied in a JEOL JSM-6335 F scanning electron microscope. Photos were processed in Leica Application Suite program and stacked in Zerene Stacker 1.04. All illustrations were edited using Adobe Lightroom 4.3, Adobe Photoshop CS.5, and assembled in plates with Indesign CS5.5.