Tga400

Thermogravimetric (TGA) is a widely used technique to evaluate the thermal stability of materials in which the loss of mass as a function of temperature is measured. EOs were examined through a PerkinElmer TGA-400 instrument (PerkinElmer Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). Briefly, 5–10 mg samples were heated in an air-saturated atmosphere in the range of 30–800 °C, with a constant flow rate (20 °C/min) and a gas flow set at 20 mL/min. The TGA Pyris series software (PerkinElmer Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) was exploited to record Thermograms (TG) and calculate their Respective Derivative Curves (DTG) for further data mining.

Thermal decomposition of the nanosystem was observed via Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), heated from 20 °C to 900 °C under nitrogen atmosphere at a flow rate of 20 mL/min. The thermal decomposition analyses of the samples were determined using a TGA 400 thermogravimetric analyser (PerkinElmer Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). Thermal properties of the nanosystem and its components were explored using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) (Mettler Toledo, Schwerzernback, Switzerland). Freeze-dried samples were weighed (3–10 mg) into aluminium pans and analyzed under nitrogen atmosphere (Afrox, Germiston, Gauteng, South Africa) with 200 mL/min flow rate and the samples were then heated from 25 °C to 300 °C at the rate of 10 °C/min.

A Jenway pH meter was used for the preparation of different pH dye solution. An ST8 Benchtop Centrifuge (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) was used for separating the components of each sample mixture. The absorbance was measured using an UV–Vis spectrophotometer (Agilent DAD, Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA). The surface morphology of the prepared pineapple leaves was identified using a scanning electron microscope (SEM– Quanta 200, Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) and energy–dispersive X–ray spectroscopy (EDX, Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Fourier transform infrared radiation (FT-IR, Bruker Alpha, MA, USA) was used to determine the functional groups on the surface of pineapple leaf. The Raman spectrum was recorded in the range from 50–3500 cm⁻¹ using a Raman microscope (DXR Raman Microscope, Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), with a laser beam at 532 nm as excitation source. Furthermore, a thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA400, PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA was utilized to inspect the thermal stability of the pineapple leaf. Finally, Minitab^®19 software (Minitab Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used to construct the face–centered central composite design (FCCCD).

Minitab^®18 software (Minitab Inc., State College, PA, USA) was operated for building the implemented full factorial design (2^k-FFD) [47 ]. ZEN^® 2.3 “Blue edition” lite Digital Imaging Software (Carl Zeiss, Promenade 10, 07745 Jena, Germany) was used to measure the diameter of the NPs in the images obtained by the scanning electron microscope (SEM). An OriginPro software (OriginLab, Northampton, MA) was utilized to execute histograms for PSD.
A Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FEI SEM, Quanta650FEG FESEM, Czech Republic: Imaging and Characterization Core Labs facility at QEERI, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, HBKU, Qatar) with a resolution power of 1.2 nm was used to describe the produced gold coated core–shell mNPs (A fine powder was dispersed onto adhesive carbon tape and sputter coated with Au.) in terms of PS, PSD, and morphology. FT-IR (Agilent, Cary 670, Santa Clara, CA, USA) with an ATR unit (PIKE, gladiATR) was used to identify the functional groups of the magnetic particles. Thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA, PerkinElmer—TGA 400) was used to measure the decomposition of the modified NPs with respect to temperature. Analytical Balance Kern (ABT 120-5DNM) was used to determine the yield as well as the attraction weight by using neodymium magnet (96.475 g).

The thermal behavior of the hybrid composites was assessed by a PerkinElmer TGA-400 instrument (Perkin Elmer, Milan, Italy), heating 5–10 mg of the samples between 30 and 600 °C. The analyses were performed in nitrogen, with a gas flow set at 20 °C/min. Data were recorded by means of the TGA Pyris software (version 13.3.1.0014).