Gonapure

Experimental procedures using cynomolgus monkeys were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Shiga University of Medical Science. The procedures in cynomolgus monkeys for oocyte collection, intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), pre-implantation embryo culture, and transfer of pre-implantation embryos into foster mothers were performed as described previously with minor modifications (Nakamura et al., 2016; Yamasaki et al., 2011) . Ovulation induction with follicle stimulating hormone (Gonapure; ASKA Pharmaceutical) was performed by embedding an implantable and programmable micro-fusion device (iPRECIO; Primetech Corporation) subcutaneously. The day when the ICSI was performed was designated as embryonic day (E) 0. The progression of the pre-implantation development of cynomolgus monkeys was highly similar to that of rhesus monkeys (Wolf et al., 2004) , but was somewhat slower than that of humans (Wong et al., 2010) . For embryo transfer, 4 to 5 two-cell to blastocyst-stage embryos were selected and transferred into an appropriate recipient female. For the detection of pregnancy of early post-implantation embryos, implanted embryos were monitored by ultrasonography around E13 and the implanted uterus was surgically removed and bisected for the isolation of embryos.