Vmax encore 29 system

Manufactured by Cardinal Health

Sourced in United States

The Vmax Encore 29 System is a laboratory equipment designed for spectrophotometric analysis. It provides accurate and reliable absorbance measurements across a wide range of wavelengths, enabling researchers and scientists to conduct various analytical procedures in their respective fields.

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Lab products found in correlation

Ergometer 800s, by Cardinal Health (2 mentions) Actilife 6, by ActiGraph (1 mentions) Polar h10 hr monitor, by Polar Electro (1 mentions) Lunar prodigy, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)

10 protocols using vmax encore 29 system

Comprehensive Metabolic and Physical Activity Monitoring

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For the indirect calorimeter method, the Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing System (Vmax Encore 29 System, VIASYS Healthcare Inc., Yorba Linda, CA, USA) was employed to conduct the metabolic CM. Warming up of the Vmax system for at least 15 minutes and the calibration should be done before each test. Participants were equipped with a well-fitted, noses and mouths covering mask (Hans Rudolph Inc., Kansas City, MO, USA) which connected to flow sensor and sampling line was to collect the amount of oxygen consumption (VO₂) and carbon dioxide output (VCO₂) they breathed (breath by breath).
For the accelerometer method, all the test data was collected by an ActiGraph GT9X-Link (Actigraph Corporation, Pensacola, FL, USA), a tri-axial accelerometer (size: 3.5 × 3.5 × 1 cm, weight: ~14 g). The initialization of the ActiGraph accelerometer and chest mount Polar H10 HR monitor (Polar Electro Oy, Kempele, Finland) was done by ActiLife6 software (version 6.12.1, ActiGraph, Cary, NC, USA). In this study, the sampling frequency of the accelerometer and heart rate monitor was set to 30 Hz, and the physical activity parameters (i.e., calories, and VM), and HR data were collected in 10-second intervals set manually via ActiLife6 software. The ActiGraph accelerometer was attached to their right ankle, and the participants took one test at a time.

Ho C.S., Chang C.H., Hsu Y.J., Tu Y.T., Li F., Jhang W.L., Hsu C.W, & Huang C.C. (2020). Feasibility of the Energy Expenditure Prediction for Athletes and Non-Athletes from Ankle-Mounted Accelerometer and Heart Rate Monitor. Scientific Reports, 10, 8816.

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Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Protocol

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VO₂ and VCO₂ were tested by Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing System (Vmax Encore 29 System, VIASYS Healthcare Inc., Yorba Linda, CA) for the metabolic criterion measure (CM). The subjects wore small-sized masks (Hans-Rudolph) to cover their mouths and noses. The volume of air breath-by-breath and the O₂ and CO₂ compositions were measured by sampling gas lines and digital flow sensors connected to the masks.

Chang C.H., Lin K.C., Ho C.S, & Huang C.C. (2019). Accuracy of the energy expenditure during uphill exercise measured by the Waist-worn ActiGraph. Journal of Exercise Science and Fitness, 17(2), 62-66.

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Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Protocol

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Symptom‐limited cardiopulmonary exercise test (Vmax Encore 29 System; VIASYS Healthcare Inc., Palm Springs, CA, USA) was performed on a cycle ergometer by all patients (Ergometer 800S; Sensor Medics, Yorba Linda, CA, USA), using a progressive protocol with workload increments of 5 or 10 W/min. Ventilation (VE), oxygen consumption (VO₂), and carbon dioxide output (VCO₂) were acquired on a breath‐by‐breath basis and expressed as 30 s averages. The patients were initially monitored for 2 min at rest when seated on the ergometer, and after that, they were instructed to pedal at a pace of 60–70 rpm, and the completion of the test occurred when, despite verbal encouragement, the patient reached maximal volitional fatigue. Respiratory exchange ratio higher than 1.10 was reached by 82% of the patients. Heart rate was monitored continuously at rest, during the test and recovery phase, using a 12‐lead digital electrocardiogram (Cardio Soft 6.51 ECG/CAM‐14, GE Medical Systems Information Technologies, Wisconsin, WI, USA).

Fonseca G.W., dos Santos M.R., de Souza F.R., Takayama L., Rodrigues Pereira R.M., Negrão C.E, & Alves M.D. (2019). Discriminating sarcopenia in overweight/obese male patients with heart failure: the influence of body mass index. ESC Heart Failure, 7(1), 84-91.

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Maximal Incremental Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test

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Physical capacity was evaluated by a maximal incremental cardiopulmonary exercise test on a cycle ergometer (Via Sprint 150P; Ergoline, Bitz, Germany). A ramp protocol with work rate increments of 5–15 W every minute until exhaustion was conducted as previously described.¹⁶ Breath‐by‐breath analysis in a computerized system was used to assess the oxygen uptake (VO₂) and carbon dioxide production (Vmax Encore 29 System; VIASYS Healthcare Inc, Yorba Linda, CA). Peak VO₂ was defined as the maximum attained VO₂ at the end of the exercise period in which the patient could no longer maintain the cycle ergometer at 60 rpm. Anaerobic threshold, respiratory compensation point, and VE/VCO₂ slope were determined as previously described.¹⁶, ¹⁷, ¹⁸ The cardiopulmonary exercise test was performed in a blinded manner.

Trevizan P.F., Antunes‐Correa L.M., Lobo D.M., Oliveira P.A., de Almeida D.R., Abduch M.C., Mathias Junior W., Hajjar L.A., Kalil Filho R, & Negrão C.E. (2021). Effects of inspiratory muscle training combined with aerobic exercise training on neurovascular control in chronic heart failure patients. ESC Heart Failure, 8(5), 3845-3854.

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Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Protocol

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All patients underwent symptom-limited cardiopulmonary exercise test (Vmax Encore
29 System; VIASYS Healthcare Inc., Palm Springs, California, USA) performed on a
cycle ergometer (Ergometer 800S; SensorMedics, Yorba Linda, California, USA),
using a ramp protocol with workload increments of 5 or 10 Watts per minute.
Oxygen consumption (VO₂) and carbon dioxide output (VCO₂)
were measured by means of gas exchange on a breath-by-breath basis and expressed
as 30-s averages. The patients were initially monitored for 2 minutes at rest
when seated on the ergometer; then they were instructed to pedal at a pace of
60-70 rpm and the completion of the test occurred when, in spite of verbal
encouragement, the patient reached maximal volitional fatigue. A respiratory
exchange ratio (RER) higher than 1.10 was reached for all patients. Heart rate
(HR) was monitored continuously at rest, during the test and recovery phase,
using a 12-lead digital electrocardiogram (CardioSoft 6.51 ECG/CAM-14, GE
Medical Systems Information Technologies, Wisconsin, USA).^{17 (link)}After achieving peak workload, the patients continued to pedal at 10 watts for 2
minutes, followed by 4 minutes seated on the ergometer, this 6-min period was
considered the recovery phase. Delta (∆) HRR was calculated by subtracting the
HR values at 1^st (∆HRR1) and 2^nd (∆HRR2) minutes of the
recovery phase from the peak HR.^{12 (link)}

da Fonseca G.W., dos Santos M.R., de Souza F.R., da Costa M.J., von Haehling S., Takayama L., Pereira R.M., Negrão C.E., Anker S.D, & Alves M.J. (2019). Sympatho-Vagal Imbalance is Associated with Sarcopenia in Male Patients with Heart Failure. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, 112(6), 739-746.

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Resting Metabolic Rate Measurement Protocol

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IC was carried out as per Compher’s [16 (link)] protocol. The participants were instructed to avoid consuming any thermogenic food, supplements, stimulants, sleep or appetite inhibitors, analgesics, or other substances known to affect RMR 1 day before the test. In addition, they were instructed not to take part in any physical practice on the day prior to the test and fast for 8 h before giving the measurements. On arrival to the laboratory, the participants were interviewed individually by a specialised nutritionist, and adherence to the RMR measurement protocol was confirmed. For IC, the Vmax Encore 29 System (VIASYS Healthcare Inc., Yorba Linda, CA) calorimeter was used. The measurements were taken in the morning, with the athletes in the supine position. A maximum of four participants were examined per day. Oxygen consumption (VO₂) and carbon dioxide production (VCO₂) values were collected by canopy and checked continuously for 30 min. For calculation purposes, the first 10 minutes were discarded to ensure data homogeneity. The VO₂ and VCO₂ values were used in the equation proposed by Weir [17 (link)] [Eq 1].
Equations:

R M R k c a l / d a y = (3.9 x V O_{2} (m l / \min) + 1.1 x V C O_{2} (m l / \min)) x 1440

Oliveira T.M., Penna-Franca P.A., Dias-Silva C.H., Bittencourt V.Z., Cahuê F.F., Fonseca-Junior S.J, & Pierucci A.P. (2021). Predictive equations for resting metabolic rate are not appropriate to use in Brazilian male adolescent football athletes. PLoS ONE, 16(1), e0244970.

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Metabolic Measurements of Substrate Oxidation

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O₂ and production of CO₂ were measured hourly for 30 min using a calibrated Vmax Encore 29 System metabolic cart (VIASYS Healthcare Inc., Yorba Linda, CA, United States). O₂ and CO₂ are expressed in STPD. Total carbohydrate (Rcho_ox) and lipid (Rfat_ox) oxidation rates (g/min) were calculated as described previously (Livesey and Elia, 1988 (link), AJCN), with the following formulas:
Rpro_ox was set at 20% since participants were fed with a mixed meal (Labayen et al., 1999 (link)). Energy expenditure was calculated using the following energy conversion factors: CHO 16.3 KJ/g, lipids 40.8 KJ/g, and proteins 19.7 KJ/g (Péronnet and Massicotte, 1991 (link)).

Mauger J.F., Chassé É., Mahat B., Lindon C., Bordenave N, & Imbeault P. (2019). The Effect of Acute Continuous Hypoxia on Triglyceride Levels in Constantly Fed Healthy Men. Frontiers in Physiology, 10, 752.

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Resting Metabolic Rate Assessment in Athletes

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Before the test, the participants were instructed to avoid consuming any thermogenic supplements [21 (link)–23 (link)], sleep or appetite inhibitors [24 (link)], or other substances known to affect RMR during the preceding 24 h. In addition, they were instructed to fast for 8–12 hours and avoid any exercise training during the preceding 48 h [14 (link)]. All tests were performed in the morning (07:00–10:00). On the test day, athletes were picked up at home by a driver provided by the research staff to avoid physical activity before testing. Individual interviews were conducted on arrival to verify whether they had completed the previous instructions. Before the RMR assessment, the athletes rested quietly in a recliner (supine position) for 30 minutes and were instructed about the procedures concerning the assessment (e.g. not sleep, breathe normally).
The Vmax Encore 29 System metabolic cart (VIASYS Healthcare Inc., Yorba Linda, CA), equipped with a plastic canopy, was used for the IC assessment. The equipment was calibrated for gas analysers (using standard concentration gas bottles) and flow (using a 3 L syringe) before each measurement, following the manufacturer’s instructions.

Bittencourt V.Z., Freire R., Alcantara J.M., Loureiro L.L., de Oliveira T.M., Cahuê F.L., Itaborahy A, & Pierucci A.P. (2023). Effect of gas exchange data selection methods on resting metabolic rate estimation in young athletes. PLOS ONE, 18(9), e0291511.

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Measuring Maximal Oxygen Uptake Using Graded Exercise Test

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VO_2max was measured directly using the maximal graded exercise test (GXT) on a standard electromagnetic bicycle ergometer (Excalibur Sport Ergometer, Lode BV, the Netherlands). The initial workload was 25 W, followed by a progressive increase in resistance of 15 W every 2 minutes until the participant could no longer achieve the required pedaling frequency of 70 revolutions per minute 29 (link). During the GXT, participants wore a chest strap heart rate sensor throughout the exercise to monitor their heart rate and used the Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) Scale (6-20) to rate their exertion 43 . Simultaneously, VO_2max was obtained and the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) of each participant was monitored with a cardiopulmonary exercise testing system (Vmax Encore 29 System, VIASYS Healthcare Inc., Yorba Linda, CA, USA). In this study, participants were considered to have achieved VO_2max if they met three of the following conditions: the participant's maximum heart rate reached more than ninety percent of the age-based maximum heart rate (220 - age); the RER was greater than or equal to 1.10; the increase in oxygen consumption began to plateau as the load continued to increase; and the RPE was greater than or equal to 18 28 (link), 29 (link).

Li F., Yang C.P., Wu C.Y., Ho C.A., Yeh H.C., Chan Y.S., ChangChien W.S, & Ho C.S. (2022). Contribution of Body Mass Index Stratification for the Prediction of Maximal Oxygen Uptake. International Journal of Medical Sciences, 19(13), 1929-1941.

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Body Composition and Energy Expenditure Measurement

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Body weight and height were measured using a standard beam scale (HR-100, BWB-800AS; Tanita, Arlington Heights, IL) and a standard stadiometer (Perspective Entreprises, Portage, Michigan, USA) respectively. Body composition was measured via percentage of fat mass (%FM), total fat mass (FM), and fat-free mass (FFM) using dual energy X-ray (DXA) (General Electric Lunar Prodigy, Madison, Wisconsin; software version 6.10.019). Resting energy expenditure (REE) was measured in a thermoneutral dark room for 30 min using a Vmax Encore 29 System metabolic cart (VIASYS Healthcare inc, Yorba Linda, CA) following a 12 h overnight fast. Daily energy expenditure (DEE) on experiment days was calculated by multiplying the participants REE by a physical activity factor of 1.375 [16 (link)].

Morin R., Mauger J.F., Amaratunga R, & Imbeault P. (2021). The effect of acute intermittent hypoxia on postprandial triglyceride levels in humans: a randomized crossover trial. Journal of Translational Medicine, 19, 268.

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