Hispidulin

Phospholipon90G (P90G; phosphatidylcholine content ≥ 94%) was purchased from Lipoid GmbH (Ludwigshafen, Germany). Propylene glycol (PG) were purchased from Galeno Srl (Comeana, Prato, Italy). LC-MS grade acetonitrile, formic acid, methanol, 85% w/w phosphoric acid, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), 2,4,6-tris(pyridin-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine (TPTZ), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA), dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), and all the other reagents, if not otherwise specified, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich/Merck (Milan, Italy). Standards of 5-O-caffeoylquinic (chlorogenic acid), 1,3-dicaffeoylquinic acid (cynarin), 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (isochlorogenic acid A), 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid (isochlorogenic acid B), 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (isochlorogenic acid C), ferulic acid, apigenin, hispidulin, and luteolin were purchased from Extrasynthese (Genay, France) and TransMIT (Giessen, Germany). Ultrapure water (18 MΩ·cm) was obtained with a Milli-Q Advantage A10 System apparatus (Millipore, Milan, Italy).

Acetonitrile, formic acid (for LC–MS) and methanol (analytical grade) were provided from Merck (Merck, Sofia, Bulgaria). The reference standards, using for UHPLC-HRMS protocatechuic, p-coumaric, m-coumaric, o-coumaric, vanillic, gentisic and salicylic acids, luteolin 7-O-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, kaempferol 3-O-glucoside, isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside, nepetin 7-O-glucoside, hyperoside, apigenin, quercetin, kaempferol, hispidulin, chrysoeriol, isorhamnetin, jseocidine, and luteolin were obtained from Extrasynthese (Genay, France). Chlorogenic, neochlorogenic, caffeic, 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic, 3,5-dicaffeylquinic and 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acids, as well as dehydrocostus lactone, isoalantolactone, alantolactone, and partenolide, were supplied from Phytolab (Vesten-Bergsgreuth, Germany).