Sodium sulfate

Xylose (99%) and benzyltributylammonium chloride (BTBAC, 99%) were procured from Spectrochem. PdCl₂ was purchased from Sigma. NaBH₄, 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) (98%), HCl (aq., 35–38%), and tetrahydrofuran (THF) (99.5%) were obtained from Molychem. Sodium sulfate (anhydrous, 99%), NaOH, and deionized (DI) water were purchased from Loba Chemie Pvt. Ltd. Methanol (99.5%) and chloroform (98%) were purchased from Finar. AGL (>95% α-isomer) was purchased from Alfa Aesar and purified by passing through a plug of silica gel (60–120 mesh) using chloroform as the eluent. chloroform was then evaporated in a rotary evaporator under reduced pressure to obtain pure α-AGL as a faint-yellow oil. 2-Furanone was synthesized according to the literature procedure.¹⁴

Ferrous chloride (FeCl₂, 99%), Ferrous chloride tetrahydrate (FeCl₂.4H₂O, 99%), ferrous sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO₄.7H₂O, 99%), ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl₃.6H₂O, 99%), sodium borohydride (NaBH₄, 99%) and hydrochloric acid (HCl, 99%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Ethanol (C₂H₅OH, 99%), sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 33%), hydrazine (N₂H₄, 99%) and ammonium hydroxide (NH₄OH, 99%) were procured from Pharos company (Egypt). Silica gel (SiO₂, 99%) was purchased from Fluka in Switzerland and starch (99%) was procured from Nice Chemicals in India. Potassium dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇, 97%) and humic acid (C₉H₉NO₆, 99%) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Zinc chloride (ZnCl₂, 97%), magnesium chloride hexahydrate (MgCl₂.6H₂O, 99%), sodium nitrate (NaNO₃, 98%), copper chloride dihydrate (CuCl₂.2H₂O, 99%), sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄, 99%), sodium phosphate dodecahydrate (Na₃PO₄.12H₂O, 99%) and sodium carbonate dehydrate (Na₂CO₃.10H₂O, 98%) were purchased from Loba Chemie (India). All chemicals were of high purity and used directly without any modifications.

Colistin sulfate and sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, Inc., St. Louis, MO, USA. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium sulfate, sodium phosphate dibasic, and sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate were procured from LOBA Chemie PVT. LTD., Mumbai, India. Silver nitrate (AgNO₃), hydrochloric acid (HCl), potassium bromide (KBr), sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and acetonitrile (ACN) were analytical grade and procured from RCI Labscan Limited, Bangkok, Thailand. Mueller Hinton (MH) and Luria Bertani (LB) agar and broth were obtained from Titan Biotech Ltd., Delhi, India. Agarose and EDTA were purchased from Bio Basic Canada Inc., Markham, Ontario, Canada. Quick-Loaded^® DNA ladder was from New England BioLabs Inc., Herts, England. Safe-Green dye was purchased from Applied Biological Materials Inc., Richmond, BC, Canada. E.Z.N.A.^® bacterial DNA kit was obtained from Omega Bio-tek Inc., Norcross, GA, USA. E. coli TISTR 887, P. aeruginosa TISTR 357, and K. pneumonia TISTR 1383 were from the Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technology Research, Pathum Thani, Thailand.