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7 protocols using absorbent pad

1

Immunoassay Development Using Tetraspanins

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Anti-tetraspanin antibodies were purchased at Immunostep (Salamanca, Spain): anti-CD9 (clone VJ1/20), anti-CD63 (clone Tea 3/18), and anti-CD147 (clone VJ1/9). Anti-mouse IgG, bovine serum albumin (BSA), 1-ethyl-3-[3-dimethylaminopropyl]-carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) were provided by Sigma-Aldrich (Madrid, Spain). HEPES was purchased from Fisher Scientific.
Some materials for strips were provided by Millipore (Darmstadt, Germany): glass fibre membrane (GFCP001000) used as sample pad, nitrocellulose membrane (HF07504XSS) and backing cards (HF000MC100). Absorbent pad was purchased from Whatman (Piscataway, NJ, USA). The sample buffer used was 10 mM HEPES pH 7.4 with 0.05% Tween-20 and 1% BSA.
To prepare the detection and control lines, an IsoFlow reagent dispensing system was used. A guillotine Fellowes Gamma (Madrid, Spain) was used to cut the strips. In order to quantify the intensity of the test line using reflectance measurements, a portable strip reader ESE Quant LR3 lateral flow system (Qiagen Inc., Hilden, Germany) was used.
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2

Lateral Flow BDNF Assay Development

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A human BDNF ELISA kit, recombinant anti-mouse IgG2a antibodies, and recombinant human BDNF protein were obtained from Abcam. Albumin, bovine serum Albumin, calcium chloride, glucose, gold nanoparticles (40 nm), magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, sucrose, Tween 20, sodium chloride, Tris-hydrochloride and Tris base were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Two different anti-Human BDNF antibodies were purchased from R&D Systems. All components of the lateral flow test strip, including the backing, sample pad, conjugate pad, reacting membrane and absorbent pad were obtained from Whatman. The absorbance spectrum was measured through a microplate reader (Varioskan LUX Multimode, ThermoFisher). The test line and control line were dispensed using a syringe pump (KDS-200-CE, KD Scientific Inc.). The readout box was produced using a 3D printer in Chemical Engineering Workshop. The images were captured using an iPhone X.
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3

Fluorescent Lateral Flow Strips for Campylobacter Detection

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Membrane-based lateral flow immunochromatographic strips with fluorescent nanoparticles
were constructed by Furukawa Advanced Engineering, Japan (Chiba, Japan). In brief, a mouse
anti-Campylobacter monoclonal antibody (MAb)11 (link)) was conjugated with fluorescent silica
nanoparticles (Quartz Dot®; Furukawa Advanced Engineering) as previously
described18 (link)). The
prepared MAb-fluorescent silica nanoparticle conjugates were suspended in 1.0 mL of 50 mM
Tris-HCl/150 mM NaCl/1% bovine serum albumin/20% glycerol and then freeze-dried before
storage at -30 °C until use. To construct a test strip, an absorbent pad (Millipore,
Bedford, MA, USA) was attached to a laminated membrane card (Whatman FP, Cytiva,
Marlborough, MA, USA) so that the pad slightly overlapped the membrane, and the assembly
was then cut into strips consisting of the membrane (5 by 25 mm) with the absorbent pad (5
by 17 mm). One microliter aliquots of the MAb-Quartz Dot® conjugates were
deposited on the membrane, which was stored in the dark until use.
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4

Multiplex Allergen Lateral Flow Assays

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Three allergen LFIAs were developed for detecting peanut (PA) and
hazelnut (HA1 + HA2). Each assay has a different sandwich pair of
mAbs for their capture (T) and detector carbon nanoparticle-labeled-antibody
(CNP-mAb), selected for their differences in sensitivity as observed
in prior works.24 (link)−26 (link) All assays used goat anti-mouse (GAMaB) IgG in PBS
(pH 7.6; 1.2 mg/mL; AffiniPure F(ab’)2 Fragment)
at the C line (Jackson Immunoresearch Laboratories Inc.,
Sanbio, Uden; The Netherlands) and were developed on nitrocellulose
membranes (140 CN; Unisart, Sartorius, Gottingen, Germany) overlaid
with an absorbent pad (Whatman, GE Healthcare, Eindhoven, The Netherlands)
and secured with a plastic backing (G and L, San Jose, CA, USA); see Supporting Information Protocol S1 and S2 for
full details on CNP-mAb labeling and LFIA preparation details. For
the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor assay, an amine coupling
kit, pH scouting kit, HBS-EP buffer, and CM5 sensor chips were purchased
from GE Healthcare (Uppsala, Sweden); see Supporting Information Protocol S3 for further details on the immobilization
procedure.
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5

Fabrication of Lateral Flow Assay

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FeSO4·7H2O (>99%), FeCl3 (97%), NH4OH, oleic acid (90%), myristic acid (>98%), and lauric acid (>98%) were purchased from Merk Schuchardt OHG (Hehenbrunn, Germany) and used without any further modification.
Neutravidin protein was obtained from Thermo Fischer Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). 1-ethyl-3-[3-dimethylpropyl] carbodiimide (EDC), bovine serum albumin (BSA), biotin-conjugated bovine serum albumin (BBSA), n-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), 2-(n-morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid (MES), and Tween20 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Madrid, Spain). Glass fiber membranes (GFCP001000), used as sample pad and backing cards (HF000MC100), were purchased from Millipore (Darmstadt, Germany). Other materials used were nitrocellulose membranes (UniSart CN95, Sartorius, Spain) and absorbent pads (Whatman, Piscataway, NJ, USA).
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6

COVID-19 Lateral Flow Assay Protocol

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(3‐Aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES), fluorescein sodium salt, Rhodamine B, and other chemicals were obtained from Sigma‐Aldrich. The LFA membranes and pads were purchased from Whatman (UK), Sample pad #07.622.30, Nitrocellulose FF120HP membrane #07.627.65, VF90 membrane #07.640.10, FF170HP membrane #07.626.70, MD100 membrane #07.643.10, FF80HP membrane #07.628.70, absorbent pads #07.623.30, and backing card #07.615.40. The specific region positive strand oligonucleotides of CoV‐2 (Viral NSP12, NSP9, and E) and complementary sequence of CoV‐2 viral sequences (Probe) were purchased from Sentromer® (Istanbul, Turkiye). The list of the oligonucleotides is given in Table 1. This study was approved by the ethics committee of the University of Health Sciences, Kartal Dr. Lutfi Kirdar City Hospital (approval number: 2021/514/202/45). The present study was performed under the Declaration of Helsinki with blind sampling.
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7

Lateral Flow Assay for Histamine Detection

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Mouse histamine monoclonal antibody (MBS2025715) and histamine-BSA conjugate antigen (MBS358205) were purchased from Mybiosource. Anti-mouse IgG, Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA), 1ethyl-3-[3-dimethylaminopropyl]-carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), 2-(N-Morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES) and histamine dihydrochloride were provided by Sigma-Aldrich (Spain). Recombinant protein A/G was purchased at Thermo-Scientific (Massachusetts, USA).
Gold nanoparticles of size 40 nm were purchased from BB International (UK). Disposable 0.45 µm PVDF filters were purchased from GE Healthcare Life Sciences.
Glass fibre membrane (GFCP001000) used as sample pad and backing cards (HF000MC100) were purchased from Millipore (Germany). Other materials used were nitrocellulose membranes (UniSart CN95, Sartorius, Spain) and absorbent pads (Whatman, USA). Based on previous results, the sample buffer consisted of 10 mM Phosphate-Buffer (PB) pH 7.4 with 0.5% Tween-20 and 1% BSA.
An IsoFlow reagent dispensing system (Imagene Technology, USA) was used to dispense the detection lines (dispense rate 0.100 µL/mm) and the strips were cut with a guillotine Fellowes Gamma (Spain).
A portable strip reader ESE Quant LR3 lateral flow system (Qiagen Inc., Germany) was used to quantify the intensity of the test line by reflectance measurements.
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