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6 protocols using biotin conjugated secondary antibody

1

Immunohistochemistry of Histone Acetylation

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Brain tissue was cut into 5-μm sections, and then were performed immunohistochemistry with anti-acetyl-Histone H3 (Lys27) antibody (H3K27ac), and anti-acetyl-Histone H3 (Lys9) antibody (H3K9ac). The sections were incubated overnight with primary antibodies against H3K27ac (diluted to 1:100, PTM Biolab), and H3K9ac (diluted to 1:50, PTM Biolab) at 4°C. Subsequently, the sections were incubated with a biotin-conjugated secondary antibody (diluted to 1:600, Thermo Fisher), followed by staining using a diaminobenzidine solution. The stained tissue sections in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) region were examined by a light microscope. The average integral optical density (IOD) of selected fields were analyzed by Image J software.
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2

Immunohistochemical Analysis of RhoA in Aortic Tissue

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Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human aorta samples were sectioned and deparaffinized. The samples were soaked in pre-heated antigen retrieval solution (1 mmol/L citric acid, 0.05% Tween 20 at pH 6) at 90–100 °C for 20–30 min, and cooled down at room temperature. Endogenous peroxidase activity in all sections was quenched using 3% hydrogen peroxidase, and samples were then blocked with 3% bovine serum albumin (BSA) prior to overnight incubation with an anti-RhoA antibody. After washing with PBS, the samples were incubated with a biotin-conjugated secondary antibody (1:200 dilution; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) for 1 h at room temperature, followed by incubation with streptavidin-peroxidase (Nacalai Tesque, Kyoto, Japan) for 30 min. The avidin–biotin complex was detected with the Strep ABC peroxidase kit (Nacalai Tesque). Samples were counterstained with hematoxylin, followed by dehydration steps.
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3

Caspase-3 Expression Quantification

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After deparaffination, antigen retrieval was performed using a pH 6 solution of 10 mM sodium citrate + 0.05% Tween20 in distilled water where samples were boiled 3 times before being kept for 20 min at 95–98°C. After cooling at room temperature, the endogenous peroxidase was blocked, and samples were incubated in 5% bovine serum albumin blocking buffer. Brain slices were then incubated with primary antibody rabbit anti-Caspase 3 (1:100, 9661 L, Cell Signaling, United States) overnight. The next day, samples were incubated with a biotin-conjugated secondary antibody (1:500, goat anti-rabbit, 65-6140, Invitrogen, United States) for 1 h at room temperature followed by horseradish peroxidase-streptavidin conjugate (1:500, 43-4323, Thermo Fisher, United States) plus diaminobenzidine. Right after, sections were counterstained with hematoxylin and mounted with DPX.
An investigator blind to the treatment group performed the quantitative analyses of caspase 3 expression. For each level, section, and brain region, caspase-3 positive cells were counted in three fields (at 40 × magnification, with an area of 0.077 mm2) and the average was converted into counts per mm2.
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4

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Spinal Cord

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Mice were anesthetized, sacrificed and cooled on ice for 15 minutes, and unfixed spinal cords were dissected, placed in OCT and snap frozen in a 2-methylbutane (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) slurry cooled with liquid nitrogen. Frozen tissue was cryostat sectioned at 8μM, dried on Superfrost Plus slides (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. Waltham, MA), and fixed using acetone at −20°C for 10 minutes. Endogenous peroxidase was quenched using 3% H202 in PBS for 15 minutes at room temperature (RT). The tissue was then blocked in PBS containing 10% horse serum for 2h before incubating with primary antibody overnight at 4°C. After rinsing, the tissue was incubated in the appropriate biotin-conjugated secondary antibody (Invitrogen) for 1 hour (h) at RT and then incubated in a streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase conjugate for 15 minutes. A blue alkaline phosphatase reaction product was produced using a BCIP (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolylphosphate)/Nitro Blue Tetrazolium substrate kit (Zymed/Invitrogen). Alternatively, after biotin secondary, a streptavidin-HRP conjugate followed by AEC reaction was used to form a red precipitate.
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5

In situ mRNA detection in Drosophila embryos

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Dechorionated Drosophila embryos were fixed in paraformaldehyde-heptane solution for 30 min, followed by devitellinization using methanol. Freshly fixed embryos were then labeled with digoxigenin (DIG)-labeled antisense probes following the standard procedure described in Knirr et al., 1999 (link). After rehydration and post-fixation in 10% formaldehyde, embryos were pre-hybridized for 1 hr at 55 °C. mRNA probes were added to the embryos which were then incubated for 16 hr at 55 °C. DIG present on the synthesized mRNA probes was subsequently labeled with anti-DIG primary antibody (Enzo; ENZ-ABS302-0001; 1:1,000) and biotin-conjugated secondary antibody (Invitrogen; 1:500). To detect fluorescent signals, embryos were incubated with AB solution (PK-6100, Vectastain Elite ABC kit) followed by the tyramide signal amplification reaction (Cy3 fluorescent dye in amplification diluent; 1:50) (Perkin Elmer Life Sciences, NEL753001kt). To mark the SG and the apical membrane, the embryos were immunolabeled with antibodies for CrebA (SG nuclei) and Crb (apical membrane).
Primer sequences used for mRNA probe synthesis in this study are listed below.
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6

Immunostaining of Neurogenesis Markers

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Based on our previous experiment (Liu et al., 2016 (link)), the mice were perfused transcardially with 0.9% saline followed by 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) after deep anesthesia with pentobarbital. The brain was collected and dehydrated completely in 30% sucrose solution with 4% paraformaldehyde at 4°C. Brains were sliced coronally (30 μm thick) and stored at -20°C in cryoprotectant solution. Immunostaining was performed according to our previous method. In short, the brain sections were incubated with a rabbit anti-doublecortin (DCX) (1:1000, Cell Signaling) primary antibody in 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) (12 h, 4°C). For BrdU staining, the sections were pretreated with 2 N HCl for 30 min at 37°C and then incubated with mouse anti-BrdU (1:500, BD Biosciences). After that, the sections were incubated with biotin-conjugated secondary antibody (1:200, goat anti-rabbit; Invitrogen) or Cy3 (1:500; donkey anti-mouse; Jackson ImmunoResearch) (2 h, 37°C), then treated with avidin-biotin peroxidase complex (Dako) for immunohistochemistry or 4′, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI, Beyotime, China) for immunofluorescence. The BrdU- or DCX-labeled cells were observed and photographed with a Zeiss (Oberkochen, Germany) Axivert microscope equipped with a Zeiss AxioCam digital color camera connected to the Zeiss AxioVision 3.0 system.
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