Pioglitazone

In total, 60 female C57BL/6J mice (6 weeks, 18–19 g) were purchased from Beijing Vital River Laboratory Animal Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). The normal diet (ND) was purchased from Xiao Shu Youtai (Beijing, China) Biological Technology Co., Ltd., and the high-fructose diet (HFru) was obtained from Tianjin Aoyide Experimental Products Co., Ltd. (Tianjin, China).
Tyrosol (purity ≥98%, S31415) and pioglitazone (purity≥98%, B21435) were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Biological Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Salidroside (purity ≥98%) and hydroxyTyrosol (purity ≥98%) were obtained from Sichuan Victory Biological Technology Co., Ltd. (Sichuan, China). Deuterium oxide (D₂O, 99.9% atom %D) and 3-(trimethylsilyl)-propionic-2,2,3,3-d₄ acid sodium salt (TSP-d₄, 98% atom %D) were purchased from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories (Cambridge, FL, United States). Methanol was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, United States).

Danggui (Tongrentang, Beijing, China), Baishao (Tongrentang, Beijing, China), Chuanxiong (Tongrentang, Beijing, China), Fuling (Tongrentang, Beijing, China), Baizhu (Tongrentang, Beijing, China) and Zexie (Tongrentang, Beijing, China). All the traditional Chinese medicine decoction pieces were authenticated by Dr. Honghua Wu from Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine.
Adenosine (Meilun, Dalian, China), gallic acid (Meilun, Dalian, China), ferulic acid (Meilun, Dalian, China), albiflorin (Meilun, Dalian, China), paeoniflorin (Meilun, Dalian, China), atractylenolide I (Meilun, Dalian, China), alisol B-23-acetate (Meilun, Dalian, China), Z-ligustilide (Meilun, Dalian, China), Pioglitazone (Yuanye, Shanghai, China) (HPLC > 98%), D-fructose (Meilun, Dalian, China).

The reference compounds (alisol C 23-acetate, alisol B 23-acetate, alisol F, alisol F 24-acetate, and alismalactone 23-acetate) were prepared by laboratory separation. Pioglitazone was purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Fructose and sodium carboxymethylcellulose were purchased from Dalian Meilun Biotechnology Co., Ltd (Dalian, China). Formalin, D₂O, and 2,2,3,3-d₄-3-(trimethylsilyl) propionic acid sodium salt (TSP-d₄) were purchased from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories (Cambridge, FL, United States). Acetonitrile, methanol, and formic acid (Fisher, Fair Lawn, NJ, United States) were of UHPLC grade. Ultrapure water (18.2 MΩ• m at 25°C) was prepared in-house using a Milli-Q Integral 5 water purification system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, United States).