Uric acid

Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific

Sourced in United States

Uric acid is a chemical compound that is naturally present in the human body. It is a byproduct of the breakdown of purine nucleotides. Uric acid can be measured in the blood or urine as part of various medical tests.

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Lab products found in correlation

26 protocols using uric acid

Electrochemical Sensing Reagents and Fabrication

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Chemicals Na₂HPO₄·12H₂O (JSC Vecton, St. Petersburg, Russia), KH₂PO₄ (NevaReaktiv Ltd., St. Petersburg, Russia), NaHCO₃ (JSC ChemReactivSnab, Ufa, Russia), NaOH (JSC ChemReactivSnab, Ufa, Russia), KCl (Akros Ltd., St. Petersburg, Russia), NaCl (OJSC Mikhailovsky Chemical Reagents Plant, Barnaul, Russia), K₃[Fe(CN)₆] (JSC Vekton, St. Petersburg, Russia), K₄[Fe(CN)₆]·3H₂O (AO Reachim Ltd., Moscow, Russia), Cementit universal (Merz+Benteli AG, Niederwangen, Switzerland), acetone (JSC EKOS-1, Moscow, Russia), uric acid (Acros Organics, Geel, Belgium), ascorbic acid (Sigma-Aldrich Co, St. Louis, MO, USA), creatinine (Merc, Darmstadt, Germany), urea (Fluka, Buchs, Switzerland), glucose (JSC Vecton, St. Petersburg, Russia). All reagents were chemically pure and used without additional purification. Working solutions were prepared using deionized water (electrical resistivity—18 MΩcm).
Electrodes were fabricated on the basis of polyacrylonitrile carbon veil (surface density—30 g/m²; surface electrical resistivity—8–10 Ω, manufactured by M-Carbo Ltd. (Minsk, Belarus) and polyethylene terephthalate sheets sized 303 × 216 × 0.125 mm (Fellowes Inc., Itasca, IL, USA).

Bukharinova M.A., Stozhko N.Y., Novakovskaya E.A., Khamzina E.I., Tarasov A.V, & Sokolkov S.V. (2021). Developing Activated Carbon Veil Electrode for Sensing Salivary Uric Acid. Biosensors, 11(8), 287.

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Electrochemical Sensor Fabrication Protocol

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Platinum wire (50 μm diameter) and glass capillary tubes were
obtained from A-M Systems (Sequim, WA, USA). Polyimide capillaries with inner
diameter of 100 μm were obtained from Polymicro Technologies (Lisle, IL,
USA). Silver conducting epoxy was obtained from MG Chemicals (Ontario, Canada)
and 5-minute epoxy was obtained from Devcon (OH, USA). Glutamate oxidase
(GlutOx) (EC 1.4.3.11, 25 U/vial; from E. coli) was obtained
from Cosmo Bio USA, Inc. (Carlsbad, California, USA). Ascorbate oxidase (AsOx)
was obtained from Alfa Aesar (Haverhill, MA USA). Silver wire, acetic acid,
L-ascorbic acid, uric acid, adenosine, dopamine, and
serotonin hydrochloride were obtained from Acros Organics (NJ, USA). Chitosan
from shrimp shells, o-phenylenediamine, albumin from bovine serum,
L-glutamic acid, and D-glucose anhydrous
were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Isothesia was obtained
from Henry Schein. Sulfuric acid was obtained from Fisher Scientific (Fair Lawn,
NJ, USA).

Ganesana M., Trikantzopoulos E., Maniar Y., Lee S.T, & Venton B.J. (2019). Development of a Novel Micro Biosensor for in vivo Monitoring of Glutamate Release in the Brain. Biosensors & bioelectronics, 130, 103-109.

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Colorimetric Glucose Detection Assay

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Sodium hydroxide (Sigma-Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany), potassium hexacyanoferrate (II) trihydrate (≥99%, Sigma-Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany), potassium hexacyanoferrate (III) (≥99%, Sigma-Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany) and anhydrous D-(+)-Glucose (99%, Alfa Aesar, Kandel, Germany) were used as received. For interference tests, sodium chloride (lach:ner, Késmárk, Budapest), dopamine (99%), uric acid (99%), ascorbic acid (99.7%), and acetaminophen (98%) were purchased from Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium), and sucrose (≥99.5%) and fructose (≥99%) were from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). All solutions were prepared using deionized water with a conductivity of 0.5 µS/cm.

State (Rosoiu) S., Enache L.B., Potorac P., Prodana M, & Enachescu M. (2022). Synthesis of Copper Nanostructures for Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensors via Direct-Current Magnetron Sputtering. Nanomaterials, 12(23), 4144.

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Cellulose Acetate Membrane Fabrication

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Urea was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA) while creatinine and uric acid from Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium). The base polymer for membrane preparation was cellulose acetate (CA), purchased from Sigma Aldrich with an average molecular weight, Mn of 30,000 Da, a degree of acetyl substitution approximately of 2.4 and a density of 1.3 g/mL at 25 °C.
Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) of 400 Da by Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) was used as pore former, while 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) purchased by Fluorochem (Hadfield, UK) was used as solvent. NMP has a very high boiling point, around 202 °C and a density of 1.03 g/mL.
Water, HPLC grade was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) and Acetonitrile supplied by Scharlau (Barcelona, Spain).

De Pascale M., De Angelis M.G, & Boi C. (2022). Mixed Matrix Membranes Adsorbers (MMMAs) for the Removal of Uremic Toxins from Dialysate. Membranes, 12(2), 203.

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Electrochemical Glucose Sensor Fabrication

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Cobalt(II) nitrate hexahydrate (Co(NO 3 ) 2 $6H 2 O) was purchased from Fischer Scientifics. Potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) (K 3 Fe(CN) 6 ) and Potassium chloride (KCl) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. The sensing reagent D(þ)-glucose was obtained from Aromel Kimya. The interference reagents D(þ)-gluconolactone, L- ascorbic acid, uric acid, and D(þ)-lactose were purchased from Acros Organics. Sucrose was obtained from Carlo Erba. All the reagents were analytical grade, and no further purification was applied. Millipore deionized water (resistivity; 18 MU cm) was used for all experiments. Fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) coated glass substrates (R sh ; 20 U/sq., 2 mm in thickness) were used for electrodeposition experiments.

Chalil Oglou R., Ulusoy Ghobadi T.G., Ozbay E, & Karadas F. (2021). Electrodeposited cobalt hexacyanoferrate electrode as a non-enzymatic glucose sensor under neutral conditions. Analytica chimica acta, 1188.

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Rapid Enzyme Assay for Sarcosine Detection

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Materials sourced from Sigma-Aldrich: sarcosine, horse radish peroxidase (HRP), isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG), sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium phosphate dibasic (Na2HPO4), potassium phosphate monobasic (KH2PO4), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), lysozyme (from chicken egg white), TritonX-100, sulf uric acid (H2SO4 95%), bovine serum albumin (BSA), 2,2'-azino-bis(3ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), Coomaisse Brilliant Blue, phosphoric acid, L-ascorbic acid, glucose, glycine, silica gel 150 250-500µm, benzonase nuclease, imidazole, 2-mercaptoethanol, calcium chloride (CaCl2). Ma-terials sourced from Invitrogen: Amplex UltraRed. Materials sourced from Melford Laboratories: LB Agar (L1706), LB Broth (L1704), Kanamycin (K0126), carbenicillin. Materials source from Acros Organics: potassium chloride (KCl), uric acid, L-alanine, L-proline, creatinine. Materials sourced from alternate suppliers: commercial silica gel 60 (<63µm/mesh <230 (Fluka), 6-35µm (Fisher Scientific), 40-63µm (Merck), 63-210µm (YMC), 200-500µm (Macherey Nagel)), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA, Engineering and Design Plastics), glycerol (Fisher Scientific), hydrogen peroxide (30%w/v in H2O, Fisher Bioreagents), dopamine salt (LKT laboratories Inc.), N-methyl-L-alanine (Alfa Asear), 5-aminolevulinic acid (Cayman Chemical Company).

Henderson C.J., Pumford E., Seevaratnam D.J., Daly R, & Hall E.A.H. (2019). Gene to diagnostic: Self immobilizing protein for silica microparticle biosensor, modelled with sarcosine oxidase. Biomaterials, 193.

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Simultaneous Detection of Diverse Compounds

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The neurotransmitters and metabolites tested were acetamidophenol, catechol, L-DOPA, dopamine, vanillylamine, homovanillic acid, norepinephrine, resorcinol, vanillic acid (all from Aldrich Chemical, Milwaukee, WI, USA), and uric acid (Fisher Scientific). The working solution was prepared in universal buffer with a concentration of 1.12–2.04 ppm (approximately 1 × 10⁻⁵ M) for each of the 10 compounds listed above.
The second class of analytes was nucleic acids and heterocyclic bases including adenine, adenosine, cytidine, cytosine, guanine, guanosine, thymidine, and uridine (all from Aldrich Chemical, Milwaukee, WI, USA). The working solution was prepared in universal buffer with a concentration of 56–204 ppm (approximately 5.00 × 10⁻⁴ M) for each of the eight analytes in this group.
The capsaicinoids used were capsaicin, dihyrocapsaicin, and N-vanillylnonanamide (VANA) (all from Sigma Chemical, St. Louis, MO, USA). The working solution was prepared in acetonitrile with a concentration of 148–152 ppm (approximately 5.00 × 10⁻⁴ M) for each of the three analytes listed above.

Anderson H, & Yang Y. (2017). Subcritical Water Chromatography with Electrochemical Detection. Molecules : A Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry, 22(6), 962.

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Foliar Spray Treatments for HLB-Positive Orange Trees

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Five-year-old Valencia sweet orange trees with similar symptoms were used for foliar spray treatments. All trees in the grove were HLB-positive. The experiment was a completely randomized design with 5 treatments. Each treatment consisted of four trees. The treatments were applied by foliar spray with 2.5 mL/L of Induce non-ionic surfactant (Helena Ag, Collier, TN, USA). One liter of solution per plant were applied at approximately 400 kPa using a handheld pump sprayer to apply on the whole tree. This pressure resulted a fine mist and was sufficient to produce runoff from the leaves to ensure complete coverage. The five treatments were applied to the various trees as follows: uric acid (1.8 mM), Rutin (0.6 mM), GA (5 mg/L), GA (25 mg/L) with water as the negative control. Foliar spray was conducted in the evening to facilitate absorption. The chemicals GA, and uric acid were purchased from Fisher Scientific. Rutin was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).

Ma W., Pang Z., Huang X., Xu J., Pandey S.S., Li J., Achor D.S., Vasconcelos F.N., Hendrich C., Huang Y., Wang W., Lee D., Stanton D, & Wang N. (2022). Citrus Huanglongbing is a pathogen-triggered immune disease that can be mitigated with antioxidants and gibberellin. Nature Communications, 13, 529.

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Analytical Methods for Biomolecule Quantification

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All chemicals used in the experiment were of analytical reagent (AR) grade.
Creatinine, formate dehydrogenase, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ), oxalate decarboxylase, 1-methoxy-5-methylphenazinium methyl sulfate (PMS), and urea [Co(NH2)2] were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Monobasic sodium phosphate (NaH2PO4•2H2O), dibasic sodium phosphate (Na2HPO4), and magnesium sulfate (MgSO4•7H2O) were bought from Panreac (Barcelona, Spain). Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl), calcium chloride (CaCl2•2H2O), citric acid (C6H8O7•H2O), potassium chloride (KCl), sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium oxalate (Na2C2O4), tri-sodium citrate (Na3C6H5•2H2O) and uric acid were bought from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA).
Sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Whatman No. 1 filter paper was bought from Cole-Parmer (Vernon Hills, IL). All glassware was thoroughly cleaned with freshly prepared 3:1 HCl/HNO3 and rinsed with Milli-Q water prior to use. NAD + was dissolved in phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, whereas sodium oxalate (Na2C2O4) was prepared using a citratephosphate buffer, pH 5.0. Milli-Q water from a Millipore system (R ≥ 18.2 MΩ cm -1 ) was used throughout the experiments.

Worramongkona P., Seeda K., Phansomboon P., Ratnarathorn N., Chailapakul O, & Dungchai W. (2018). A Simple Paper-based Colorimetric Device for Rapid and Sensitive Urinary Oxalate Determinations. Analytical sciences : the international journal of the Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry, 34(1).

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Electrochemical Detection of Biomolecules

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Potassium permanganate (KMnO₄), serotonin, and hydrochloric acid (HCl, 37%) were purchased from Merck. Ascorbic acid and glucose were purchased from Sigma. Nafion was purchased from Sigma. Phosphate buffer saline solutions (PBS) were purchased from Loba. Uric acid was purchased from Alfa Aesar. Dopamine was purchased from TCI. Urea was purchased from Fischer Scientific.

Khan M.Q., Khan R.A., Alsalme A., Ahmad K, & Kim H. (2022). Design and Fabrication of α-MnO2-Nanorods-Modified Glassy-Carbon-Electrode-Based Serotonin Sensor. Biosensors, 12(10), 849.

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