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192 protocols using mcl 1

1

Quantifying MCL1 and BCL-XL Protein Levels

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Cells seeded and cultured for 24 h were lysed in RIPA lysis buffer and protein concentrations determined as above. Colorectal and melanoma PDX tumour tissue was homogenised and protein concentrations determined as described above. Recombinant protein standards for MCL1 (Cloud-Clone Corp, Texas, USA) and BCL-XL (R&D Systems, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, UK) were diluted in RIPA with 1 × Laemmli sample buffer to a concentration range of 2.5–100 nM. SDS-PAGE was then performed with 5–6 standards of 0.0375 pmol to 1.5 pmol MCL1 or BCL-XL protein to determine the levels of MCL1 and BCL-XL in 15 to 20 µg of total cellular protein by western blotting with anti-MCL1 antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, USA; sc-819) and anti-BCL-XL antibody (Cell Signalling Technology, NEB, Hitchin, UK; 2762) and using anti-rabbit fluorescently labelled secondary antibodies (Cell Signalling Technology, NEB, Hitchin, UK) diluted 1:15,000 and infrared imaging for quantification (LI-COR, Cambridge, UK).
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2

Comprehensive Protein Analysis of Apoptosis

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RPPA was performed at MDACC Core Facility using all antibodies available in the core. RPPA methodology was described previously (42). For multiple markers, Western blotting was conducted according to previously published procedures.38 The same amounts of cell lysates were loaded in each membrane for each target. actin was used as a loading control. The antibodies used for Western blotting were BCL-2 (Agilent DAKO), MCL-1 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), BCL-XL, BAX, BAK, PUMA (Cell Signaling Technology), BCL-2 A1, NOXA, BIM (Abcam), actin, and tubulin (Sigma). The antibodies used for co-IP were BIM, mouse immunoglobulin G (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), and MCL-1 (Millipore Sigma). Co-IP experiments were performed using a Dynabeads Protein A Immunoprecipitation Kit (ThermoFisher) following the manufacturer’s instructions. In brief, cells were washed with cold phosphate buffered saline and lysed with cell lysis buffer (Cell Signaling Technology), then the cleared lysates were incubated with antibody-conjugated Dynabeads. The bead-protein complexes were then isolated using a magnet and washed. The proteins were later eluted from the beads and used for subsequent experiments.
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3

Imatinib Apoptosis Signaling Pathway Analysis

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Imatinib was provided by Novartis Pharma AG (Basel, Switzerland). Antibodies for Western blotting, including caspase-9, caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3, PARP, phospho-c-Abl, phospho-Elk-1, phospho-cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) (Thr161), phospho-Cdk1 (Tyr15), phospho-ERK1/2, ERK1/2, phospho-Akt, Akt, phospho-STAT3, STAT3, Bcl-2, and Bcl-xL, were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA). Antibodies specific for c-Abl, multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1), α-tubulin, cyclin B1, Cdk1, Mcl-1, Bax, cytochrome c, and β-actin were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). An antiphosphospecific MPM2 monoclonal antibody was purchased from Upstate Biotechnology (Lake Placid, NY, USA).
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4

Immunoblotting for Apoptosis Regulators

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Cells were lysed and subjected to immunoblotting as previously described (43 (link)). Blots were probed with antibodies against NRF2, Mcl-1, Bik (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), phospho-STAT3, total STAT3, Bcl-XL, Bax, Bak (Cell Signaling), Bcl-2 (Dako), Bim (Stressgen Bioreagents), and β-actin (Sigma).
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5

Immunoblot Analysis of Apoptosis Regulators

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20 µg of whole cell lysates or nuclear extracts of 1 × 106 cells were separated by SDS-PAGE and subsequently transferred onto nitrocellulose membranes (Whatman, Dassel, Germany). The blots were probed with antibodies against bcl-x, cytochrome c, caspase-3, XIAP (all purchased from BD Biosciences, Heidelberg, Germany), ERK 1/2, mcl-1, survivin, Rel-A, Rel-B (all purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Santa Cruz, USA), p38, pp38 (all purchased from Cell Signaling Technology®, MA, USA). GAPDH (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Santa Cruz, USA) was used as a loading control. Signals were detected using the ECL detection system (GE Healthcare, Munich, Germany).
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6

Western Blotting Antibody Panel

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Antibodies used for Western blotting were phospho-γH2AX (Ser139; #2577), phospho-CDC2-Tyr15 (#9111), CDC2 (#9112), cyclin B1 (#4138), PARP-1 (#9542), MCl-1 (#4572), XIAP (#2042), Rad51 (#8875) and caspase-3 (#9661); all from Cell Signaling Technology; β-actin (#A5316; Sigma-Aldrich); p53(DO-1) (#sc-126) and MCl-1 (#sc-819) are from Santa Cruz; p21WAFI (Ab-1) (#OP64; Calbiochem); XIAP (#610716; BD Bioscience).
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7

Immunoblotting Analysis of Apoptosis Markers

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Cell pellets were lysed and prepared for immunoblotting as previously described (Brooks et al., 2014). Lysates were equalised for protein content and then separated by SDS/PAGE and transferred to PVDF membranes. Membranes were probed with antibodies against cleaved PARP, cleaved caspase‐3, γH2AX, pCHK1 Ser317, BCL‐2, BCL‐XL, BIM, BAD, BID (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA), RPA2, RRM2, MCL1 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA), pRPA2 Ser33, pRPA2 Ser4/8 (Bethyl Laboratories, Montgomerey, TX, USA), NOXA (Abcam, Cambridge, UK), PUMA (Calbiochem, San Diego, CA, USA) and α‐tubulin (Sigma‐Aldrich). Proteins were visualised using chemiluminescence detection.
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8

Immunofluorescence Staining of Mammary Organoids

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Mammary organoids were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde at room temperature for 10 minutes. The organoids were washed twice with PBS, incubated with methanol for 2 minutes, followed by a 2 minutes incubation in PBS with 1% Triton-X. The organoids were permeabilized by incubating with penetration buffer (0.2% Triton-X, 0.3M glycine, 20% DMSO in PBS) for 15 minutes. Samples were then blocked with blocking buffer (5% mouse serum, 5% rabbit serum, 5% goat serum, 2% bovine serum albumin, 0.5% Triton X, 10% DMSO in PBS). MCL-1 (1:100, Santa Cruz, sc-20679) primary antibody was diluted in antibody buffer (50% blocking buffer, 0.2% Tween-20) and samples were incubated for 1 hour at room temperature on a shaker. Secondary antibody incubation with goat anti-mouse Alexa Fluor 488 (ThermoFisher A-11001) conjugated antibodies at a dilution of 1:200 was performed in the dark at room temperature for 1 hour. Samples were then washed five times before mounting on a slide using PBS:glycerol (1:1). Images were captured using a Leica SP3 confocal microscope. Images were pseudo-colored using ImageJ.
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9

Western Blot Analysis of Protein Expression

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Whole cell extracts were prepared by resuspending cells in RIPA buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl pH 8, 150 mM NaCl, 1% NP-40 substitute, 0.5% sodium deoxycholate, 0.1% SDS) supplemented with complete protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche). Cleared lysates were boiled in Laemmli sample buffer with 1% beta-mercaptoethanol and proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE using precast 4–12% Bis-Tris gels (Life Technologies). Proteins were transferred to PVDF membrane (Millipore) at 30 V, 4 °C for 16 h. Blots were blocked for 30 min with 5% milk in TBS-T, incubated with primary antibodies for >3h and horseradish peroxidase conjugated anti-mouse IgG or anti-rabbit IgG (GE Healthcare) for 1 h, washing 4× for 10 min with excess TBS-T in between and prior to developing. Blots were developed with SuperSignal West Pico ECL substrate (Thermo Scientific) and exposed to film. The following antibodies were used in this study: Huwe1 (Bethyl, A300–486A, 1:1000), N-myc (Santa Cruz, B8.4.B, 1:500), c-Myc (Cell Signaling, 9402, 1:500), Mcl-1 (Santa Cruz, S-19, 1:200), Miz-1 (Santa Cruz, H-190, 1:200), beta catenin (Cell Signaling, 8480, 1:1000), Erk1/2 (Cell Signaling, 4695, 1:1000), phospo-Erk1/2 (Cell Signaling, D13.14.4E, 1:1000), p53 (Leica, CM5, 1:1000), vinculin (Sigma, hVIN-1, 1:5000) and actin (EMD Millipore, C4, 1:5000).
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10

Apoptosis Pathway Regulation in Cell Lines

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Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI)-1640 medium was purchased from Gibco (UK). Antibodies against actin, p21, p27, C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), death receptor 4 (DR4), DR5, Bid, Bcl-xl, Bad, Mcl-1, Apaf-1, 78-kDa glucose regulated protein (GRP78), cyclin D1, CDK6, CDK2 and caspase-3 were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. (USA). Antibodies against p38 and phospho (p)-p38 (Thr180/Try182) were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology (USA). Basal Medium Eagle, carbobenzoxy-valyl-alanyl-aspartyl-(O-methyl)-fluoromethylketone (Z-VAD-FMK), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), and p38 inhibitor (SB203580), picropodophyllotoxin (PPT), and Tween 20 were procured from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). Cell culture medium, fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin/streptomycin (p/s), and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were purchased from Hyclone (USA).
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