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62 protocols using ab32570

1

Evaluating PDGFR-β Expression in Mouse Brain

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PDGFR-β expression levels in the mouse brain tissue were detected with immunohistochemistry. Paraformaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens were removed, autoclaved, heat-treated in citrate saline buffer to extract antigens, and incubated with rabbit antibody (anti-PDGFR-β, 1:200, ab32570, Abcam) overnight at 4°C. All steps were performed according to the manufacturer’s protocols. Positive staining results were brown. Images of the immunohistochemically stained sections were analyzed with Image-Pro Plus 6.0 (Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, MD, United States).
PDGFR-β expression levels in the mouse brain tissue were examined with immunofluorescence staining. Paraffin sections were dewaxed to water, antigen-repaired, and serum-blocked. Then, the blocking solution was gently shaken off, primary antibody (anti-PDGFR-β, 1:200, ab32570, Abcam) was added dropwise to the sections, and the sections were incubated flat in a wet box overnight at 4°C. Then, the samples were incubated with secondary antibody before the nuclei were restained with DAPI. Next, the autofluorescence of the tissue was quenched, the sections were sealed, and the images were obtained under a fluorescent microscope. The DAPI-stained nuclei were blue under UV excitation and positively expressed as luciferin-labeled green fluorescence.
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2

Multicolor IHC Analysis of FFPE Samples

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Formalin‐fixed/paraffin‐embedded samples from the patients included in this study were collected from Peking University People's Hospital. All the samples were cut into sections of 4‐μm thickness. The slides were deparaffinized in xylene for 30 min and rehydrated in absolute ethyl alcohol for 5 min (twice), 95% ethyl alcohol for 5 min, 75% ethyl alcohol for 2 min sequentially. Washed the slides with distilled water three times. A microwave‐oven is used for heat‐induced epitope retrieval, and during epitope retrieval the slides were I immersed in boiling EDTA buffer (pH 9.0; ZLI‐9069; Zsbio, Beijing, China) for 15 min. Antibody Diluent/Block (72424205; Perkin‐Elmer, MA, USA) was used for blocking. The antibodies used were anti‐CD4 (abcam, ab133616), anti‐CD8 (abcam, ab237709), anti‐CD19 (abcam, ab134114), anti‐CD57 (abcam, ab220187), anti‐CD11b (abcam, ab52478), anti‐CD31 (abcam, ab76533), anti‐pan cytokeratin antibody (abcam, ab32570) and anti‐PDGFR alpha + PDGFR beta (abcam, ab32570). The antigenic binding sites were visualized using the Opal 7‐Color Manual IHC Kit (Perkin‐Elmer, NEL811001KT) according to the manufacturer's protocol. Multicolour immunohistochemistry data were collected using a Mantra Quantitative Pathology Workstation (Perkin‐Elmer, CLS140089) and analysed by InForm (version 2.2.1).
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3

Quantifying PDGFR-β Expression in Mouse Brain

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PDGFR-β expression levels in the mouse brain tissue were detected with immunohistochemistry. Paraformaldehyde-xed, para n-embedded specimens were removed, autoclaved, heat-treated in citrate saline buffer to extract antigens, and incubated with rabbit antibody (anti-PDGFR-β, 1:200, ab32570, Abcam) overnight at 4°C. All steps were performed according to the manufacturer's protocols. Positive staining results were brown. Images of the immunohistochemically stained sections were analyzed with Image-Pro Plus 6.0 (Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, MD, USA). PDGFR-β expression levels in the mouse brain tissue were examined with immuno uorescence staining. Para n sections were dewaxed to water, antigen-repaired, and serum-blocked. Then, the blocking solution was gently shaken off, primary antibody (anti-PDGFR-β, 1:200, ab32570, Abcam) was added dropwise to the sections, and the sections were incubated at in a wet box overnight at 4°C. Then, the samples were incubated with secondary antibody before the nuclei were restained with DAPI. Next, the auto uorescence of the tissue was quenched, the sections were sealed, and the images were obtained under a uorescent microscope. The DAPI-stained nuclei were blue under UV excitation and positively expressed as luciferin-labeled green uorescence.
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4

Mammalian Cell Lysis and Western Blot Analysis

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Treated cells or isolated MIVs were lysed using the Mammalian Cell Lysis kit (Sigma-Aldrich), as described previously (Niu et al., 2014 (link)). Equal amounts of protein were electrophoresed in a SDS-polyacrylamide gel under reducing conditions followed by transfer to PVDF membranes. Blots were blocked with 5% BSA in TBS-Tween, and Western blots were probed with antibodies specific for σ-1R (15168-I-AP; Proteintech Group), Src (2108; Cell Signaling), p-PDGFR-β (3161; Cell Signaling), NG2 antibodies (ab129051; Abcam), TBX18 (ab115262; Abcam), αSM (A5228; Sigma-Aldrich), and histone H3 (9715; Cell Signaling) at 1:1,000 dilution; NF-κB (ab16502; Abcam) at 1:2,000 dilution; ganglioside GM1 (bs-2367R; One World Lab) at 1:500 dilution; and p-Src (ab32078; Abcam), PDGFR-β (ab32570; Abcam), Desmin (ab32362; Abcam), and β-actin (A5316; Sigma-Aldrich) at 1:5,000 dilution. Secondary antibodies were alkaline phosphatase conjugated to goat anti-mouse/rabbit IgG, or rabbit anti-goat IgG (1:10,000; Jackson ImmunoResearch Labs). Signals were detected by SuperSignal West Dura Extended Duration or Pico PLUS Chemiluminescent Substrate (Thermo Fisher Scientific). All experiments had at least four biological replicates, and representative blots are presented in the figures.
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5

Pericyte Isolation and Characterization

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Femurs and tibiae were collected, crushed in sterile condition, digested with collagenase A (Sigma-Aldrich) at 37°C for 45 minutes, and passed through a 40-μm filter to obtain single-cell suspensions.
PDGFRβ (AB32570, Abcam) antibodies raised in rabbit were used to isolate pericytes by magnetic bead–based separation. Positive cells were then separated by using anti-rabbit magnetic beads (Dynabeads M-280 Sheep Anti-Rabbit, Thermo Fisher Scientific) following the manufacturer’s instructions. Samples were lysed in the lysis buffer of the RNeasy Mini Kit (QIAGEN). Total RNA was isolated according to the manufacturer’s protocol. cDNA conversion was performed by using a High-Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit (Applied Biosystems). qPCR was performed using PowerUp SYBR Green Real-Time PCR Master Mix (Thermo Fisher Scientific) with customized primer pairs. Sequences of primer pairs used in the study are listed in Supplemental Table 5.
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6

Quantitative Western Blot Analysis

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Western blotting analysis was performed using antibodies against the following: PDGFR-β (1:1000, ab32570, Abcam), NG-2 (1:1000, ab129051, Abcam), VE-cadherin (1:1000, ab231227, Abcam), ZO-1 (1:1000, ab190085, Abcam), p-MLC20 (1:2000, M6068, Sigma), MLC20 (1:2000, 3672, Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA), Sphk2 (1:2000, PA5-99,720, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), S1PR1 (1:2000, ab11424, Abcam), S1PR2 (1:2000, PA5-72,868, Thermo Fisher Scientific), and β-actin (1:7000, A5441, Sigma). Bands were detected with fluorescent secondary antibodies and quantified using the Odyssey CLx Infrared Imaging System (LI-COR, Lincoln, NE, USA).
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7

IHC Staining of Bladder Tissue Markers

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Previously described standard procedures were used for IHC [30 (link), 31 (link)]. The primary antibodies used were TAGLN (1:200, #ab14106; Abcam), α-SMA (1:200, #ab5694; Abcam), PDGFR-β (1:200, #ab32570; Abcam,), and IL-6 (1:200, #GB11117; Servicebio). The secondary antibody used for all IHC procedures was the horseradish peroxidase‑conjugated goat anti-rabbit (#CW0103S; CWBIO). For the TAGLN IHC expression analysis, normal mouse bladder tissues with and without primary antibody were used as positive and negative controls, respectively (Supplementary Fig. 1B).
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8

Quantifying Pericyte Coverage in Brain Tissue

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The pericyte coverage ratios on days 3, 7, and 14 after modeling were measured. After anesthesia with isoflurane, and perfusion with PBS solution at 4 °C and 4% paraformaldehyde through the heart, the whole brain was removed for Frozen sections. 20um Frozen brain sections were prepared by the freezing microtome(CM-1900, Leica, Germany). The sections of each group were incubated overnight with anti-PDGFRβ antibody(rabbit IgG, abcam, ab32570, 1:100, pericyte marker) and anti-CD31 antibody(goat IgG, R&D System, AF3628, 1:50, endothelial marker) and rinsed in PBS three times (5 min/time), and secondary antibodies (Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated AffiniPure Donkey anti Goat antibody, CY3-conjugated Donkey anti Rabbit antibody) were added to the sections. After 1 h incubation, secondary antibodies were washed. Finally, tissue sections were added with Antifade Mounting Medium with DAPI (Beyotime) and covered with glass.
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9

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Vascular Markers

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UCA, UCV, and WJ were immersed in optimum cutting temperature (OCT) compound (Leica, Wetzlar, Germany) and frozen at −70°C until sectioning. The tissues were serially sectioned to 6 μm thickness using a cryostat (Leica). Expression of PDGF-Rβ (ab32570, Abcam, Cambridge, UK), NG2 (ab139406, Abcam), α-SMA (ab5694, Abcam), and CD146 (ab75769, Abcam) was detected by immunofluorescence staining. After incubated with primary antibody at 4°C overnight, the frozen sections were then incubated with Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (1 : 200, Invitrogen, Grand Island, NY, USA) or Alexa Fluor 555-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (1 : 200, Invitrogen). The nuclei were stained with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), which was contained in the Vectashield mounting medium for fluorescence (Vector Laboratories Inc.). The images were visualized using fluorescence confocal microscopy (Leica) under a magnification of 600x. The integrated optical density (IOD) values of positive staining in five randomly selected fields of view were tested by Image pro-plus 6.0 software (Media Cybernetic, Rockville, USA).
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10

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Angiogenic Markers

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The samples on the slides were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 20 min at room temperature. We gave the slides three times wash with PBS, followed by permeabilization with 0.3% Triton X-100 for 30 min, rewashing three times, and blocking in 10% goat serum in PBS for 2 h at room temperature. The following antibodies were used for immunostaining: PDGFR-β (1:1000; ab32570; Abcam) and CD31 (1:1000; ab24590; Abcam). The slides were washed three times with PBS, followed by incubation with Alexa Fluor 488–conjugated anti-rabbit or anti-mouse (Invitrogen) for 1 h at room temperature. After a final washing with PBS three times, the slides or coverslips were mounted using Prolong Gold Antifade Reagent (Invitrogen). Fluorescent images were taken at room temperature on a Zeiss Observer, under the condition of a Z1 inverted microscope with a 40 × /1.3 or 63 × /1.4 oil-immersion objective. The images were analyzed with ImageJ software.
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