Actb dsred

Specific pathogen-free (SPF) C57BL/6J mice (#000664), Rosa26-tdTomato mice (#007914), Rosa26-eYFP (#007903), Actb-DsRed (#006051), Actb-GFP (#003291), Lgr5-Cre (#008875), and OT-II (#004194) mice were purchased from the Jackson Laboratory. Lats1^{flox/flox 29 (link)}, Lats2^{flox/flox 30 (link)}, Yap^{flox/flox 27 (link)}, Taz^{flox/flox 28 (link)}, Ltbr^{flox/flox 20 (link)}, Ccl19-Cre^{20 (link)}, and Pdgfrb-Cre-ER^{T2 45 (link)} mice were transferred, established, and bred in SPF animal facilities at KAIST. All mice were maintained in the C57BL/6 background and fed with free access to a standard diet (PMI LabDiet) and water. In order to induce Cre activity in the Cre-ER^T2 mice, 2 mg of tamoxifen (Sigma-Aldrich) was dissolved in corn oil (Sigma-Aldrich) and intra-peritoneally (i.p.) injected at indicated time points. All mice were anesthetized with i.p. injection of a combination of anesthetics (80 mg/kg ketamine and 12 mg/kg of xylazine) before being euthanatized. We complied with all ethical regulations for animal testing and research and performed all animal experiments and euthanasia under the approval from the Institute Animal Care and Use Committee (No. KA2016-12) of Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST). Mouse model nomenclatures are included in Supplementary Table 1.

C57/BL6 wild-type (WT), TLR4-Knock-out (TLR4-KO) (C57/BL6 background, kindly provided by Dr. S. Akira, Osaka, Japan), and transgenic β actin DsRed mice (ACTB-DsRed) (The Jackson Laboratory, MI, USA) were used. Mice were distributed into 3–4 animals per cage, separated by genotypes. They were maintained with water and solid diet ad libitum under controlled conditions of temperature (23 °C), humidity (60%), and light/dark cycles (12 h/12 h). After mating, pregnant females were placed inside separate cages during the gestation period. Then fetuses (17-day-old) and newborn mice were sacrificed by decapitation to perform the neuronal culture and the astroglial culture, respectively. All the experimental procedures were carried out in accordance with the guidelines approved by the European Communities Council Directive (86/609/ECC) and by Spanish Royal Decree 1201/2005 with the approval of the Ethical Committee of Animal Experimentation of the Príncipe Felipe Research Centre (Valencia, Spain).