Sodium acetate

Cyanidin 3 O-glucoside (Cy3-glc) was purchased from Extrasynthese (Lyon Nord, France). 5 O-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA, chlorogenic acid), quercetin 3 O-rutinoside, (+)-catechin, sugar standards, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH); 2,4,6-tri(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox); acetonitrile (gradient grade for HPLC), methanol, and formic acid (98–100%) were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (Germany, Schnelldorf). Organic acids were purchased from Supelco Analytical (Bellefonte, PA, USA). Sulfuric acid, Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, sodium carbonate and sodium acetate were purchased from Chempur (Piekary Śląskie, Poland).
All reagents were of analytical grade.

Medium molecular weight chitosan (Sigma-Aldrich), alkali lignin, low sulfonate content (Sigma-Aldrich), citric acid monohydrate (≥99.0%, STANLAB), titanium(iv) isopropoxide (97+%, Sigma-Aldrich), 2-propanol (99.7%, Alfa Aesar), nitric acid (65%, Alfa Aesar), acetonitrile (99.9%, POCH), methanol (99.9%, POCH), benzyl alcohol (99.8%, Sigma-Aldrich), 1,4-benzoquinone (98%, Sigma-Aldrich), dimethylsulfoxide (>99.5%, ROTH), sodium acetate (99.0% Chempur), sodium sulfate (>99%, ROTH), orthophosphoric acid (85%, POCH), potassium trioxalatoferrate(iii) trihydrate (98%, abcr), Nafion (∼5% in a mixture of lower aliphatic alcohols and water, Sigma-Aldrich), 1,10-phenanthroline (99.5%, Chempur) and active carbon Norit® SX 2 (POCH) were used without further purification. Water used was purified to 18 MΩ cm resistivity by Milli-Q water purification system.

Pure standards of tributyltin chloride TBT (96%), triphenyltin chloride TPhT (95%) and internal standard deuterated tributyltin chloride–d27 TBT-d27 (96%) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). HPLC gradient–grade methanol, acetonitrile and formic acid 98% were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Quechers salts: Magnesium sulphate, sodium chloride, sodium acetate, ammonium acetate were purchased from Chempur (Piekary Śląskie, Poland), trisodium citrate was purchased from Avantor (Gliwice, Poland) and disodium citrate was purchased from Acros Organics (Morris Plains, NJ, US). Sorbents, silica functionalized with primary–secondary amine (PSA) and octadecyl groups were purchased from Agilent Technologies (Santa Clara, CA, USA). Certificated Reference Material BCR^® 646 was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt Germany). Ultrapure water was obtained from a Millipore water purification system (MiliQ, Billerica, MA, US) equipped with UV-lamp (resistivity of 18.2 MΩ.cm (at 25 °C) and a TOC value below 5 ppb).

The following reagents were bought from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA): 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS); 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH); 2,4,6-Tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ); acetonitrile; aluminium trichloride (AlCl₃); apigenin; ascorbic acid; bovine serum albumin (BSA); caffeic acid; chloramine T; gallic acid; linoleic acid; PBS; potassium persulfate; quercetin; and rutin, trolox and thiobarbituric acid. The following were purchased from CHEMPUR (Piekary Śląskie, Poland): 96% ethanol (46.07 g/mol, 0.808 g/mL); Arnov’s reagent; hydrochloric acid (HCl); iron sulfate (FeSO₄); methanol; and sodium acetate (CH₃COONa). Reagents such as calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), iron trichloride (FeCl₃) and sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) were manufactured by POCH (Gliwice, Poland). Folin–Ciocalteau reagent and trichloroacetic acid were manufactured by Eurochem BGD (Tarnów, Poland). Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was purchased from STANLAB (Lublin, Poland) and p-coumaric acid from Fluka (Chemie AG, Buchs, Switzerland). Orthophosphoric acid (H₃PO₄; 85%) was delivered by Penta (Prague, Czech Republic).