H2so4

Manufactured by Scharlab

Sourced in Spain

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is a highly corrosive, colorless, and dense liquid chemical used in various laboratory applications. It functions as a strong mineral acid and has a wide range of chemical properties that make it useful for various scientific and industrial processes.

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10 protocols using h2so4

Corrosion Analysis of C38 Steel

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Corrosion
tests were performed on a cylindrical C38 steel sample from Tacinas
Company (France). Its chemical composition (wt %) was 0.360 C, 0.230
Si, 0.680 Mn, 0.016 S, 0.077 Cr, 0.011 Ti, 0.059 Ni, 0.009 Co, 0,160
Cu, and 98.388 Fe according to the French standard. The C38 steel
surface was coated in a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) ribbon, leaving
a free circular basal working surface of 0.785 cm². To
obtain reproducible results, the working electrode was polished with
silicon carbide abrasive papers of different grades (100, 1200, 2500,
and 4000) from the most abrasive to the least abrasive. Corrosive
solutions (1 M HCl and 0.5 M H₂SO₄) were prepared
from commercial solutions of 37% HCl (Scharlau) and 98% H₂SO₄ (Scharlau) and distilled water.

Ngouné B., Pengou M., Nouteza A.M., Nanseu-Njiki C.P, & Ngameni E. (2019). Performances of Alkaloid Extract from Rauvolfia macrophylla Stapf toward Corrosion Inhibition of C38 Steel in Acidic Media. ACS Omega, 4(5), 9081-9091.

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Spectrophotometric Analysis of Metal Ions

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The reagents used in the studies were pure sodium silicate neutral solution and H₂SO₄, 95–97% expertQ, ISO, from Scharlau (Scharlab S.L., Barcelona, Spain); Ludox TM-50 colloidal silica 50 wt.% suspension in H₂O, 1,5-diphenylcarbazide ACS, and chromium (III) chloride hexahydrate, minimum 99%, from Sigma-Aldrich (Sigma-Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany); And iron sulphate 7-hydrate PA-ACS, potassium dichromate PA-ACS-ISO, 1,10-phenantroline 1-hydrate PA-ACS, acetic acid glacial purissimum, sodium acetate 3-hydrate (RFE, USP, BP Ph. Eur.) PRS-CODEX, HCl 37% PA-ACS-ISO, NaOH 98% ACS-ISO, and hydroxylammonium chloride (ACS, ISO) from Panreac (Panreac Química S.A., Barcelona, Spain). All solutions were produced with deionized water.

Gómez-Carnota D., Barriada J.L, & Herrero R. (2022). Towards the Development of Sustainable Hybrid Materials to Achieve High Cr(VI) Removals in a One-Pot Process. Nanomaterials, 12(22), 3952.

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Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Nanosheets

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Modified Hummer’s routine was used to synthesis the GO nanosheets [20 (link),40 (link)]. Initially, 2 g graphite flakes (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) were dissolved in 300 mL of sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄, 98%, Scharlab S.L., Barcelona, Spain) at ambient temperature and stirred well for 15 min. Then, 2 g potassium permanganate (KMnO₄, Nihon Shiyaku Industries Ltd., Osaka, Japan) was mixed with above solution with continuous stirring. A subsequent amount of KMnO₄ was added slowly when the green MnO³⁻ color diminished and total of 10 g KMnO₄ was added. An appropriate amount of ice cubes was mixed into the solution once completing the reaction. Afterwards, the chemical reactions of graphene exfoliation process were performed in an ice bath, resulting in the solution exposing a purple color. After being leftover overnight, the precipitate was isolated from the solution and dissolved in 100 mL deionized (DI) water. The precipitate was washed with DI water many times until the pH became neutral. The precipitate GO particles were separated using centrifugation and dried at 60 °C under vacuum oven. The dried sample was again dispersed in DI water to form GO solution.

Baskoro F., Rajesh Kumar S, & Jessie Lue S. (2020). Grafting Thin Layered Graphene Oxide onto the Surface of Nonwoven/PVDF-PAA Composite Membrane for Efficient Dye and Macromolecule Separations. Nanomaterials, 10(4), 792.

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Acid Digestion and Phosphorus Determination

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The reagents used to carry out the acid digestions were purchased from SCP Science (Montreal, Quebec, Canada): HCl PlasmaPURE (34–37%), HNO₃ PlasmaPURE (67–69%), and from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA): H₂O₂ (≥30%). On the other hand, to determine the concentration of P, the reagents were purchased from Labbox (Barcelona, Spain): H₂SO₄ (98%), from Panreac Química S.A (Castellar del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain): Na₂HPO₄ (100%), N₂H₆SO₄ (99%), and from Scharlau (Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain): (NH₄)₆Mo₇O₂₄·4H₂O (99%). A buffer was used to eliminate interferences associated with the measurement of magnesium, which was purchased from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany): CsCl, LaCl₃ (100%). All the solutions were prepared using ultrapure water obtained by passing twice-distilled water through a Milli-Q system (18 MΩ/cm, Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA).

López A.R., Barea-Sepúlveda M., Barbero G.F., Ferreiro-González M., López-Castillo J.G., Palma M, & Espada-Bellido E. (2022). Essential Mineral Content (Fe, Mg, P, Mn, K, Ca, and Na) in Five Wild Edible Species of Lactarius Mushrooms from Southern Spain and Northern Morocco: Reference to Daily Intake. Journal of Fungi, 8(12), 1292.

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Delignification and Hydrolysis of CPH Powder

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The CPH powder, devoid of extractables, is delignified in the optimal conditions obtained in our previous study [14 (link)] (KOH 1% (Merck KGaA, Germany) for 4 h at room temperature and 15 min in the autoclave (Digital vertical, LX-C autoclave, HEFEI Huatai) at 128 °C under a biomass/solvent ratio of 9.143%). The delignified substrate is hydrolyzed in 250 mL SCOTT flacons, using sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) (95–98%, Scharlab S.L, Spain), in 26.95 min in the autoclave, a biomass to hydrolyzate ratio of 9.53% (w/v), in 4.92% (w/v) H₂SO₄.

Yaya O.L., Kouadio Appiah K.E., Doudjo S., Mahamane Nassirou A.K., Didier F.G., Benjamin Y.K., Drogui A.P, & Tyagi D.R. (2023). Multi-response and multi-criteria optimization of acid hydrolyzate detoxification of cocoa pod husks: Effect on the content of phenolic compounds and fermentable sugars. Heliyon, 9(4), e15409.

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Spin-Coating pHEMA on Glass Substrates

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Customized glass slides (0.95 × 4.00 × 0.15 cm³) were used to fit the CD cuvettes. Poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA, Sigma) surfaces were spin-coated onto glass slides from 2%(w/w) pHEMA solution at 2000 rpm for 15 s in 0.1 mL methanol and incubated at 37 °C for 10 min.
The glass substrates used for the spin-coating process were cleaned by sonication in piranha containing (3:1 (v/v) 95–98% sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄, Scharlau, Barcelona, Spain)/hydrogen peroxide aqueous solution 30% (H₂O₂, SHOWA, Saitama, Japan)) and basic solution (1:1:5 (v/v/v) ammonia solution (NH₄OH, SHOWA)/H₂O₂/H₂O). After cleaning the glass with pure water, the glass was left at 37 °C until it was thoroughly dried [22 (link)].

Chang Y.C., Su C.Y., Chang C.H., Fang H.W, & Wei Y. (2020). Correlation between Tribological Properties and the Quantified Structural Changes of Lysozyme on Poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) Contact Lens. Polymers, 12(8), 1639.

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Graphite-Based Nanomaterial Synthesis

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Graphite powder (20 µm), Benzyl alcohol (99.8%), iron(III) acetylacetonate (>99%), NaNO₃ (>99%) and KMnO₄ (>99%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Ethanol (99.9%, Panreac química, SLU), H₂SO₄ (95–97%, Scharlab), and H₂O₂ (30%, Panreac química, SLU).
Human serum for the stability test was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and for the in vitro assays, Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was obtained from First-Link Ltd. (Wolverhampton, UK), Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS), advanced RPMI (Roswell Park Memorial Institute) 1640, Penicillin-Streptomycin 100X, 0.05% trypsin-EDTA (1X) with Phenol Red and GlutaMAX™ Supplement were obtained from Life Technologies (UK). Pluronic F-127 was acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (UK) and the CytoTox 96^® Non-Radioactive Cytotoxicity Assay was obtained from Promega Corporation, UK.

Llenas M., Sandoval S., Costa P.M., Oró-Solé J., Lope-Piedrafita S., Ballesteros B., Al-Jamal K.T, & Tobias G. (2019). Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of SPION-Reduced Graphene Oxide Hybrids for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Nanomaterials, 9(10), 1364.

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Efficient Microbial Filtration System

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Carvacrol, eugenol, thymol, trimethylamine, (3-aminoproppyl)triethoxysilane (APTES), 2-butanone, chloroform, paraformaldehyde, sodium borohydride, KOH and silica particles (10, 25 and 50 µm) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Madrid, Spain). Acetonitrile, methanol, diethyl ether, dichloromethane, NaCl, MgSO4, H2SO4 and HCl 37% were obtained from Scharlab (Barcelona, Spain). Vanillin was purchased from Ventós (Barcelona, Spain). silica particles (SYLYSIA® SY350/FCP, 5 µm) were acquired from Silysiamont (Milano, Italy). Plate Count Agar (PCA), Man, Rogosa and Sharpe agar (MRS), Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) and Peptone Dextrose Agar (PDA) were supplied by Scharlab (Barcelona, Spain). Pasteurized commercial beer (Pale Ale, 5.0% v/v) and unpasteurized commercial craft beer (American Pale Ale, 5.6% v/v), purchased in a local supermarket, were used to assess the effectiveness of the filtration system as a preservation treatment.

Peña-Gómez N., Ruiz‐Rico M., Pérez‐Esteve É., Fernández‐Segovia I., & Bolognesi C. (2020). Microbial stabilization of craft beer by filtration through silica supports functionalized with essential oil components. LWT, 117, 108626-108626.

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Silica Microparticles: Cell Viability Analysis

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All the reagents and cell culture components were of standard laboratory grade. Synthetic amorphous silica (SAS) microparticles (SYLYSIA® SY350/FCP) were provided by Silysiamont (Italy). Acetonitrile, KOH, MgSO4, HCl, CHCl3, n-butanone, H2SO4 and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were obtained from Scharlab (Spain). Vanillin (MW: 152.2 g/mol, purity ≥ 99%) was supplied by Ventós (Spain). Thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT), glycine, eugenol (MW: 164.2 g/mol, purity ≥ 98%), (3aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES), triethanolamine (TEAH3), tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS), hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), NaOH, and all other reagents used in the synthesis and functionalisation of silica particles, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Spain). Alamar Blue® (AB) reagent was acquired from Invitrogen (USA). Trypsin-EDTA 0.5%, antibiotics, newborn calf serum (NBCS), phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM-Glutamax TM ) with high glucose (4.5 g/L) and sodium pyruvate were supplied by Gibco (LifeTechnologies, USA).
Stock solutions of eugenol and vanillin (2.5 M) were prepared in DMSO and were left frozen until used. The final tested eugenol and vanillin concentrations were achieved by adding them to the culture medium at a final DMSO concentration ≤ 0.5% (v/v).

Fuentes C., Ruiz-Rico M., Fuentes A., Barat J.M, & Ruiz M.J. (2021). Comparative cytotoxic study of silica materials functionalised with essential oil components in HepG2 cells. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, 147.

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Fenton Processes for Wastewater Treatment

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Fenton and photo-Fenton treatments were carried out with different dosages of FeCl 3 $6H 2 O (Merck) and H 2 O 2 (30% w/w, Panreac) used as reagent grade. In addition, H 2 SO 4 (Scharlau) and NaOH (BDH Prolabo ® ) aqueous solutions were applied for pH adjustment. Na 2 SO 3 (Merck) was used to quench the hydroxyl radicals action before analyses. The titanium (IV) oxysulfate solution (Riedel-de Ha€ en, Germany) was used as received in order to analyse the concentration of H 2 O 2 . Finally, different inorganic (FeSO 4 $7H 2 O, FeCl 3 $6H 2 O, Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 , Ca(OH) 2 and aluminium chlorohydrate (Kemira Ib erica) and organics (QT100 and QTH100 (Grove Chemicals)) coagulants were used in coagulationeflocculation processes.

Rodríguez-Chueca J., Amor C., Fernandes J.R., Tavares P.B., Lucas M.S, & Peres J.A. (2016). Treatment of crystallized-fruit wastewater by UV-A LED photo-Fenton and coagulation-flocculation. Chemosphere, 145.

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