Ellagic acid

Methanol (HPLC grade, 99.9%), ethanol (HPLC grade, 99.8%), acetonitrile (LC/MS grade, 99.9%), and formic acid (LC/MS grade) were all purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Standard compounds, namely, punicalagin, punicalin, corilagin, ellagic acid, gallic acid, catechin, epicatechin, epicatechin gallate, gallocatechin, epigallocatechin, epigallocatechin gallate, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, isoquercitrin, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, naringenin-7-O-glucoside, and rutin, were all purchased from Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).

Red raspberries of the cultivar “Autumn Bless”, one abundant raspberry species in Northeast China, were obtained from a local farm (Harbin, China) in August 2020. The fruits with similar maturity were hand-picked from different trees and then snap-frozen. Frozen red raspberries (40 kg) were mixed, transported to the laboratory in ice box and stored at −80 °C until use. All the standards for high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, including rutin, quercetin, chlorogenic acid, ellagic acid, raspberry ketone, epicatechin, catechinic acid, syringic acid, gallic acid, caffeic acid, luteolin, citric acid, L-malic acid, succinic acid, α-ketoglutarate, and so on (HPLC grade), were obtained from Shanghai YuanYe Biotechnology (Shanghai, China).

Standards of kaempferol, myricetin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, resveratrol, luteolin, gallic acid, and ellagic acid were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The purity of all standards was required to be greater than or equal to 98%. Potassium oxonate, xanthine oxidase and 2,6-dihydroxypurine were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Xanthine sodium salt (XSS) and allopurinol (APL) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich Inc. (St. Louis, MO, USA). A uric acid (UA) test kit, xanthine oxidase (XOD) assay kit (Colorimetric method), urea assay kit (BUN), and creatinine (Cr) assay kit (sarcosine oxidase) were purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China).

Gallic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, ferulic acid, trans-cinnamic acid, p-coumaric acid, benzoic acid, ellagic acid, protocatechuic acid, sinapic acid, caffeic acid, quercetin, rutin, taxifolin, isoquercitrin, catechin, gallocatechin, epicatechin, vitexin, genistin, daidzin, phloroglucinol, quinic acid, and 3,4-dihdyroxyphenylaceticacid were obtained from Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Procyanidin B1, procyanidin B2, and kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside were obtained from Chengdu Pusi Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China). 2,20-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,4,6tri(pyridin-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine (TPTZ), (±)-6-Hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), fluorescein, 3′,6′-dihydroxyspiro [isobenzofuran-1 (3 H),9′-(9 H) xanthene]-3-one (FL), 2,2′-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH), and EDTA-2Na were purchased from Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA) provided the methanol (HPLC quality), formic acid (99.9%, LC-MS grade), and acetonitrile (LC-MS grade). Cellulase (T richoderma Vride G, 400 u/mg), hemicellulase (Aspergillus niger, 20 u/mg), and pectinase (Aspergillus niger, 500 u/mg) were obtained from Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).

Ellagic acid (98%) was purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Nanjing, China). Formalin, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na), and ethanol were procured from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), free fatty acid (FFA), and gamma glutamyl transferase (γGT) kits were procured from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China). The malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) kits were procured from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China). The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits (IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α) were purchased from Beijing Sinouk institute of biological technology (Beijing, China). TRIzol reagent and FastQuant RT kit were purchased from Tiangen Biotech Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). All other chemicals used in the present study were analytical grade.