Corilagin

Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 medium, penicillin-streptomycin (Pen Strep), fetal bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from Gibco (Grand Island, NY, USA). Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), LPS (Escherichia coli 055:B5), RIPA buffer, DMSO were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). 1× Halt Protease and Phosphatase Inhibitor Cocktail was purchased from Pierce (Rockford, IL, USA). Human TNF-α and IL-1β enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were purchased from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA). Alamar blue reagent for cell viability assay was purchased from Life Technologies (Grand Island, NY, USA). Primary antibodies specific to COX-2, p-p38, p38, p-ERK1/2, ERK1/2, p-JNK1/2, JNK1/2, p-IκBᾳ, IκBᾳ, p-IKKᾳ/β, p-NFκBp65 and β-actin were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA) and, in addition, anti-rabbit secondary antibody conjugated to horseradish peroxidase was obtained from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA). Methanol and acetonitrile of HPLC grade were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, UK). Phyllanthin, hypoPhyllanthin, niranthin gallic acid, ellagic acid, corilagin and geraniin (purity > 98%) were purchased from ChromaDex (CA, USA). Dexamethasone was obtained from CCM Duopharma Biotech Bhd (Selangor, Malaysia).

LPS from Escherichia coli (055:B5) and ibuprofen (IBF; >98% purity) were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA) buffer, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits for tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin (IL)-1β were obtained from R&D Technology (Minneapolis, MN, USA). Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), anti-CD11b/c, and synaptophysin were from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA). β-Actin was from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA). Methanol and acetonitrile [high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade] were brought from Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, UK). Phyllanthin, hypoPhyllanthin, gallic acid, geraniin, corilagin, ellagic acid, niranthin, phyltetralin, and isonirtetralin were purchased from ChromaDex (CA, USA) with purity > 98%.