20r ginsenoside rg3

Notoginsenoside R₁ (R₁), ginsenoside Rb₁ (Rb₁), ginsenoside Rb₂ (Rb₂), ginsenoside Rb₃ (Rb₃), ginsenoside Rg₁ (Rg₁), ginsenoside Rg₂ (Rg₂), ginsenoside Rf (Rf), ginsenoside Ro (Ro), ginsenoside Rd (Rd), ginsenoside Re (Re), (20S)-ginsenoside Rg₃ ((20S)-Rg₃), (20R)-ginsenoside Rg₃ ((20R)-Rg₃), ginsenoside Rk₂ (Rk₂) (≥98% pure) were provided by the Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., ltd. (Shanghai, China). P. ginseng, A. macrocephala, P. cocos and G. uralensis applied in the study were purchased from Fusong Shenyuan Changbaishan Ginseng Technology Co., ltd. (Fusong, China).
Acetonitrile was purchased from Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Water was purified through a Milli-Q water purification system (Millipore, MA, USA). TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and NO ELISA kits were provided by Jiangsu Mai Sha Industry Co., ltd (Yancheng, China). Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) was obtained from MP Biomedicals (California, USA). Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) was obtained from Biosharp Life Science (Shanghai, China). Lipopolysaccaride (LPS) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Griess reagents were purchased from Promega (Madison, USA).

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-grade standards for 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 and 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3 were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) and dissolved at a concentration of 50 mg/ml in dimethyl sulfoxide as a stock solution (stored at −20°C). This solution was then further diluted in cell culture medium to prepare the working concentrations (0, 7.81, 15.63, 31.25, 62.5, 125, 250 and 500 µg/ml). 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytidine (5-MedC) was purchased from United States Biological (Salem, MA, USA), and 2′-deoxyguanosine (dG), thymidine (T), 2′-deoxycytidine (dC) and 2′-deoxyadenosine (dA) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich; Merck Millipore (Darmstadt, Germany). Sodium acetate, ammonium formate and acetonitrile were supplied by Beijing Chemical Works (Beijing, China). MNase, nuclease P1 and alkaline phosphatase were purchased from Takara Bio, Inc. (Otsu, Japan).