L ascorbic acid

De Man Rogosa and Sharpe broth/agar (MRS), plate count agar, rose Bengal agar, and yeast extract were purchased from Guangdong Huankai Microbiology Technology Co., Ltd. (Guangzhou, China). Polypeptone, glucose fructose, sucrose, acetic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, oxalic acid, and L-ascorbic acid were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). 1-Kestose, nystose and 1F-fructofuranosylnystose were obtained from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Mass spectrometry (MS)-grade acetonitrile, cyclohexanone, and methanol were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Pure water was obtained using a Milli-Q system (Bedford, MA, USA). Phenol and acetocaustin were obtained from Aladdin Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Other reagents were of analytical grade and were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).

2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), (+)-catechin, 2,4,6-tri(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ), 2, 6-dichloroindophenol, L-ascorbic acid were procured from Shanghai Yuanye Biological Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Folin–Ciocalteu reagent was purchased from Shanghai Sanjie Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Sodium carbonate, acetonitrile, methanol (high-performance chromatography grade), methanol (analytical grade), acetic acid, and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) was supplied by Tianjin Nuoke Technology Development Co., Ltd. (Tianjin, China). Whereas, meta-phosphoric acid, citric acid, and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were purchased from Damao Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Tianjin, China).

Araloside A and L-ascorbic acid at a purity ≥98% were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China). H₂O₂ solution (30%) was purchased from Tianli Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd. (Tianjin, China). Minimal essential medium (MEM), penicillin-streptomycin (PSS) solution, foetal bovine serum (FBS), trypsin, RIPA lysis buffer, fluorescence probe (DCFH-DA), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) were obtained from Sigma Chemicals Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). GoTaq Green Master Mix and CellTiter 96® AQueous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay (MTS) were purchased from Promega Biotechnology Co. (Madison, WI, USA). Kits used to assay LDH, MDA, LPO, H₂O₂, protein carbonyl levels; superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) activities; total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC); and the glutathione/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) ratio were purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Co. Ltd. (Nanjing, Jiangsu, China). ELISA kit was purchased from AmyJet Scientific Co. Ltd. (Wuhan, Hubei, China). Xanthine oxidase, β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, and lactate dehydrogenase were obtained from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China).