Il 1β protein

LPS (E. coli O111:B4) was obtained from EMD Chemicals, Inc. (Darmstadt, Germany). Recombinant rat TNF-α and IL-1β protein were purchased from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN). Wortmannin, U0126, and PD98059 were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology, Inc. (Danvers, MA). Actinomycin D, PMA (phorbol myristate acetate) and polymyxin B were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO). Pyrochrome chromogenic endotoxin testing reagent was purchased from Associates of Cape Cod, Inc. (East Falmouth, MA). Rp-cAMPs and SP600125 were purchased from Enzo Life Sciences, Inc. (Farmingdale, NY) and Abcam Inc. (Cambridge, MA) respectively. The following reagents were purchased from Cayman chemical (Ann Arbor, MI): PGE_2, 17-phenyl trinor prostaglandib E₂ (17-p T PGE₂), Butaprost, Sulprostone, CAY10598, 5-bromo-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-methylsulfonyl) thiophene (Dup-697), N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl) methanesulfonamide (NS-398), and SB216763.