Sodium acetate

For this study, the following instruments were purchased: an LGJ-12 vacuum freeze-dryer from Songyuan Huaxing Technology Develop Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China), an SP-756P spectrophotometer from Shanghai Spectrum Instrument Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) and a LightCycler 480 II Real-Time PCR System from Roche Group (Basel, Switzerland). In addition, an AWL-1002-M Aquapro ultrapure water machine (Aquapro, United States) was also used to produce the ultrapure water used in the experiments.
Glucose (cas#: 50–99-7), carboxymethylcellulose (cas#: 9000-11-7), avicel (cas#: 9004-34-6), xylan (cas#: 9014-63-5), dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS, cas#: 609–99-4), p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (cas#: 2492-87-7), 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (DMP, cas#: 91–10-1), 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS, cas#: 30931–67-0) and sodium acetate (cas#: 127–09-3) were purchased from Shanghai yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).

All the starting materials were purchased from commercial suppliers. Pure multi-walled CNTs were purchased from Aiweixin Chemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Tianjin, China). FeCl₃·6H₂O and sodium acetate were purchased from Yuanye Biological Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The 1-tetradecanol and gentamicin used were purchased from Aladdin (Shanghai, China). Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) was purchased from Solomon Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Tianjin, China). Sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄, 98%) and nitric acid (HNO₃, 65–68%) were purchased from Jiangtian Chemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Tianjin, China). The rabbit Interleukin-6 ELISA Kit (CSB-E06903Rb) was purchased from Huamei Biological Engineering Co., Ltd. (Wuhan, China). All chemical solvents and salts used were of analytical grade. Starting materials were used without further purification unless otherwise noted.

All mass spectrometric grade reagents (methanol, acetonitrile, and formic acid) were bought from Sigma-Aldrich Trading Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China), while chromatographic grade reagents (rutin, gallic acid, and acarbose) and analytical grade reagents, including sodium nitrite, aluminum chloride, sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, ascorbic acid, Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), diammonium 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS+•), potassium persulfate, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), salicylic acid, ferrous sulfate, tripyridine triazine (TPTZ), ferric chloride, sodium acetate, potassium ferricyanide, hydrogen peroxide solution, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, α-glucosidase, p-nitrophenyl-β-d-glucopyranoside (pNPG), and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), were purchased from Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Mouse mononuclear macrophage leukemia cells (RAW 264.7 cells), human hepatoma cells (HepG2 cells), and human esophageal carcinoma cells (TE-1) were provided by Wanwu Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Hefei, Anhui, China).