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Betaine

Manufactured by Tokyo Chemical Industry
Sourced in Japan

Betaine is a naturally occurring organic compound found in various plants and animals. It is a zwitterionic molecule with a quaternary ammonium group and a carboxylate group. Betaine functions as an osmolyte, helping to maintain cellular structure and regulate enzyme activity.

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2 protocols using betaine

1

Chromosome-specific PCR and Sanger Sequencing

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PCR was performed on “DNA Engine Dyad” (Bio-Rad, The Netherlands) with 1.25 U of “SmarNGTaq” DNA-polymerase (Dialat Ltd., Moscow, Russia); 1× “Ampli” PCR-buffer (Dialat Ltd., Moscow, Russia); 1.2 M Betaine (Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan); 2.5 mM MgCl2 solution (Dialat Ltd., Moscow, Russia); and dNTPs (0.2 mMdATP, 0.2 mMdTTP, 0.2 mMdCTP, and 0.2 mMdGTP; Dialat Ltd., Moscow, Russia). The primers were as follows: 0.4 mM Rep1F 5′- TCCCACCCTCAGGCTCCTC-3′; 0.4 mM Rep1R1seq 5′-AGTGCAGACCAGGGCGCCG-3′. The PCR conditions consisted of an initial “hot-start” at 95 °C for 3 min, followed by 40 cycles: 95 °C—30 s, 62 °C—5 s, and 72 °C—15 s. The PCR product was 351 bp for chromosome 4q35 and 345 bp for chromosome 10q26.
Sanger sequencing of PCR-products was performed by the “DNA-diagnostic laboratory” (Moscow, Russia) on ABI PRISM 310 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Waltham, MA, USA). The obtained sequences were analyzed with FinchTV v.1.5 software.
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2

Synthesis of Hybrid Materials

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Levofloxacin (>98.0%), betaine (>98.0%), ethylene glycol (>99.5%) and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene (TMB, 99%) were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan).
3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES 99%) and 2,2-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN 98%) were supplied by Duksan Pure Chemicals Co., Ltd. (Ansan, Korea). Methacrylic acid (MAA 98%), ethylene glycoldimethacrylate (EGDMA 98%), poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(propylene glycol)-blockpoly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-PPG-PEG, 98%), methanol (>99.9%), ethanol (>99.9%), acetonitrile (>99.9%), and teraethoxysilane (TEOS, 98%) were acquired from Alfa Aesar (Heysham, England). Hydrochloric acid (HCl, 36%) was obtained from Kosdaq Co., Ltd. (Siheung, Korean). All other organic solvents and inorganic reagents were acquired from Duksan Pure Chemicals Co., Ltd. (Ansan, Korea). Distilled water was filtered using a vacuum pump and filter (HA-0.45, both from Millipore, USA) prior to use. All samples were filtered (MFS-25, 0.2 μm TF, Whatman, USA) before being injected into the HPLC system.
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