All animal experiments were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Jinan University. Sprague-Dawley rats (female, eight weeks old) were obtained from the Medical Experimental Animal Center of Guangdong Province, randomly split into two groups, and then underwent sham operation (n = 10) and bilateral ovariectomy (n = 10) (Fig. S1a, b ). Each rat received an intramuscular penicillin injection (80 000 units/rat) for three days after the operation. All rats were euthanized two months after the operation. The bone marrow of each rat was collected from bilateral femurs in an aseptic environment and separated by density gradient centrifugation at a speed of 1 200 r·min−1. Then, BMSCs were cultured in alpha-modified Eagle’s medium (Gibco, Thermo Scientific, USA) with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Gibco, Thermo Scientific, USA) and 1% penicillin and streptomycin (Gibco, USA) at 37 °C with 5% CO2 and 95% humidity (Fig. S1c ). The culture medium was replaced every three days. The expression of specific cell surface markers of BMSCs was verified (Fig. S1d )51 (link).
In addition, human BMSCs were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, USA) and cultured in alpha-modified Eagle’s medium (10% FBS and 1% penicillin and streptomycin) at 37 °C with 5% CO2 and 95% humidity.
In addition, human BMSCs were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, USA) and cultured in alpha-modified Eagle’s medium (10% FBS and 1% penicillin and streptomycin) at 37 °C with 5% CO2 and 95% humidity.