The CNFs and the CNCs were freeze-dried with a Labconco Lyophilizer (Labconco, Kansas City, MO) for 24 hours. The dried matter was ground with mortar and pestle for homogenization it and used for the density measurement. Based on the expected density (assumed close to the one of the bulk material), a mass of 100–400 mg was used to fill the holding cell between ½ and ¾ high. The mass was measured with a Mettler Toledo TLE104E scale (Columbus, OH) with 0.1 mg accuracy. The measurement was repeated three times. The Ultrapyc 1200e (Quantachrome, Boynton Beach, FL) was used to measure the material density. The samples were analyzed a total of 20 times and the average was used as the value of the skeletal density. The average of the volume was used as the material volume and the standard deviation as the error.
Lyophilizer
Manufactured by Labconco
Sourced in United States, Macao
The Lyophilizer is a laboratory instrument used for the process of freeze-drying. It removes water from a frozen sample through the process of sublimation, preserving the sample's structure and composition. The Lyophilizer is a versatile tool used in various scientific and industrial applications.
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Lab products found in correlation
Breeze 2 hplc system, by Labconco (4 mentions)
Incubator shaker, by Eppendorf (3 mentions)
Microbiological plate reader, by PerkinElmer (3 mentions)
Shell freeze system, by Labconco (3 mentions)
No 1 filter paper, by Cytiva (2 mentions)
6540 uhd accurate mass q tof lc ms spectrometer, by Agilent Technologies (2 mentions)
Block heater, by Labnet (2 mentions)
Rink amide resin, by Chem-Impex (2 mentions)
Fmoc protected α amino acids, by Chem-Impex (2 mentions)
50 ml centrifuge tube, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Vegatescan lmh 2, by Tescan Orsay Holding (1 mentions)
Spectrum 100 atr ftir spectrometer, by PerkinElmer (1 mentions)
Inova 500, by Agilent Technologies (1 mentions)
Cellulose dialysis tubing, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Methacrylic anhydride, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
5m naoh, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Recombinant bmp 2, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Chitosan, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sputter coater, by Quorum Technologies (1 mentions)
Fe sem, by Zeiss (1 mentions)
104 protocols using lyophilizer
1
Freeze-Dried Material Density Measurement
2
Characterization of Immobilized Saccharomyces Biomass
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The characterization of the biosorbents obtained by the two techniques of immobilization of residual Saccharomyces pastorianus biomass in sodium alginate was made to visualize their internal structure, as a result of biomass incorporation in the polymeric structure, using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).
Biosorbent characterization studies based on residual microbial biomass immobilized in sodium alginate, having diameter φ = 4 mm and φ = 1.5 mm, were performed on freeze-dried samples. The lyophilization was performed using a Labconco lyophilizer (Labconco, Kansas City, MO, USA) with the following process parameters: 0.05 mbar; −50 °C, time-6 h.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was carried out to characterize the surface micromorphology of the biosorbent based on Saccharomyces pastorianus immobilized in sodium alginate before the biosorption process. A scanning electron microscope, VegaTescan LMH II (Tescan Orsay Holding, Brno—Kohoutovice, Czech Republic), detector SE, WD 15.5 mm, 30 kV, HV, VegaTC software (Tescan Orsay Holding, a.s., Brno, Czech Republic) was used.
Biosorbent characterization studies based on residual microbial biomass immobilized in sodium alginate, having diameter φ = 4 mm and φ = 1.5 mm, were performed on freeze-dried samples. The lyophilization was performed using a Labconco lyophilizer (Labconco, Kansas City, MO, USA) with the following process parameters: 0.05 mbar; −50 °C, time-6 h.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was carried out to characterize the surface micromorphology of the biosorbent based on Saccharomyces pastorianus immobilized in sodium alginate before the biosorption process. A scanning electron microscope, VegaTescan LMH II (Tescan Orsay Holding, Brno—Kohoutovice, Czech Republic), detector SE, WD 15.5 mm, 30 kV, HV, VegaTC software (Tescan Orsay Holding, a.s., Brno, Czech Republic) was used.
3
Synthesis of Endomorphine-TAMRA Conjugate
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In a 10 ml round bottom flask 30 mg of Endomorphine (42.0 μmol) was added to a stirred solution of a total of 18.4 mg 5(6)-TAMRA-maleimide (38.2 μmol) in 5 ml dimethylformamide (DMF). The mixture was stirred for 18 h at room temperature (RT) under an argon atmosphere. After 18 h, the reaction was monitored by diluting a drop of crude reaction mixture in acetonitrile: H2O (1:1) and injected in the analytical HPLC after passing through a micro filter. The DMF was evaporated under high vacuum at room temperature. The crude reaction mass was diluted with acetonitrile: H2O (1 ml, 1:1) and filtered through a micro filter. The filtrate was purified in preparative-HPLC.
The pure product was collected at retention time from 7.95–8.02 min (Table 1 ). The peak broadening was due to the 5, 6-isomers of the TAMRA dye. The purity of the HPLC fractions was ascertained by analytical HPLC. The fractions of the same purity were collected in a falcon tube and were evaporated in the lyophilizer overnight. The purity of the product (Endomorphine-TAMRA) = 95%. The weight of the product = 26.4 mg. Yield = 58%. LCMS [M+H]+ = 1197.03; [M+2H]2+ = 598.95. Peptide samples were freeze-dried in Labconco lyophilizer (Labconco, Kansas City, MO, U.S.A.) and stored at -20°C until further use. For biological experiments, EM-TAMRA was reconstituted to 1 mM concentration using water as solvent.
The pure product was collected at retention time from 7.95–8.02 min (
4
FTIR Analysis of Lyophilized Samples
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Prior to FTIR analysis, samples were washed once following the same protocol as noted for the SEM preparations and frozen at −20 °C overnight. The frozen samples were then lyophilized using a Labconco lyophilizer (Labconco, Kansas City, MO, USA) to obtain a dry powder for further analysis. The FTIR spectra of samples were recorded using a Perkin Elmer Spectrum 100 ATR FTIR Spectrometer (PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA).
5
Lyophilization and Microscopic Analysis
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Lyophilization. Freeze-dried samples were used for biosorbent characterization investigations. The lyophilization operation, which was carried out with a Labconco lyophilizer (Labconco, Kansas City, MO, USA), was performed as per following operational parameters: 0.05 mBar pressure, temperature of −50 °C, for a 6 h period.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX). Microstructural and chemical analyzes, before and after the biosorption procedure, were performed using a VEGA-TESCAN LMH II, Scanning Electron Microscope (Tescan Orsay Holding, Brno—Kohoutovice, Czech Republic) with SE detector, WD 15.5 mm, 30 kV, HV, and equipped with EDS detector, Bruker Nano GmbH, Berlin, Germany. For mapping distribution of elements, Esprit 2.2 software (Bruker AXS Microanalysis GmbH, Berlin, Germany) was used in automatic mode. For quantitative chemical analysis, the calculation of weight and atomic percentages % was performed using an average of 10 values and Standard Deviation was calculated for each element.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX). Microstructural and chemical analyzes, before and after the biosorption procedure, were performed using a VEGA-TESCAN LMH II, Scanning Electron Microscope (Tescan Orsay Holding, Brno—Kohoutovice, Czech Republic) with SE detector, WD 15.5 mm, 30 kV, HV, and equipped with EDS detector, Bruker Nano GmbH, Berlin, Germany. For mapping distribution of elements, Esprit 2.2 software (Bruker AXS Microanalysis GmbH, Berlin, Germany) was used in automatic mode. For quantitative chemical analysis, the calculation of weight and atomic percentages % was performed using an average of 10 values and Standard Deviation was calculated for each element.
6
In Vitro Release of Resveratrol and Puerarin from Nanoparticles
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RES-PUE loaded nanoparticles, native Resveratrol and Puerarin (each containing 5 mg of Resveratrol and Puerarin) were kept in two separate hermetically sealed dialysis bags (12000-14000 Dalton, Sigma-Aldrich). The dialysis bags were hanged in a beaker that was lled with saline buffer of phosphate, maintained at pH = 7.4 (100 mL) as dissolution medium maintained at 37 ± 2 °C with continues stirring at 100 rpm. The entire assembly was covered with aluminium foil to prevent loss of dissolution media. 1 mL of samples was collected at speci ed time intervals. The release media was replenished with 1 mL of fresh dissolution media after every sample withdrawal. The collected samples were subjected to centrifugation at the rate of 13,800 rotations per minute for 30 min and the supernatant was lyophilized (Lab-conco Lyophilizer, USA) for a day. Dissolution was affected by dissolving the lyophilised, dried powder in methyl alcohol and this was analysed via RP-HPLC technique. The entire analysis was repeated thrice [18].
7
Quantifying Tissue Edema by Lyophilization
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Edema assessment. At termination (t = AR), samples have been collected to quantify edema. Samples have been weighted fresh in Eppendorf tubes and quickly snap frozen in liquid nitrogen. Subsequently the vials are placed into the lyophilizer (Labconco) for water removal. The day after, the desiccated samples have been reweighed. The difference between the wet sample weight and after lyophilization has been plotted as a measure of the amount of fluid present in the sample, and as indirect indication of edema.
8
Iron Quantification in IITK4003 and IITK4004-Treated Huh-7 Cells
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For EDS-SEM, Huh-7 cells, 3 million per T75 flask was plated and incubated standard conditions for 48 h. Then, the cells were treated with DMSO or IITK4003 and IITK4004 (20 μM of) independently for 2 h. After the treatment, cells were washed with PBS (10 mL) and scrapped in 1 mL of autoclaved water. The scraped cells were collected in a 2 mL tube and dried under vacuum (0.014 mbar) at −53°C for 6 h in a lyophilizer (LABCONCO). From the dried sample, 0.5 mg were spread evenly on the carbon tape which was stuck over an aluminum base for gold coating under vacuum using JEOL-3000FC Auto fine coater (100 V, 40 mA, 3.5 pa) for 60 s. The gold coated samples were analyzed for the identification and quantification of iron by using Electron Probe Micro Analyser (JXA-8230, JOEL). The conditions of instrument followed to acquire the data were as follows, volts: 20 kV; process time: 60 s; dead time: 1%; count rate: 901 CPS. The data which were acquired in %mass form were plotted by using Graphpad Prism 9.0 software.
9
Liposomal Formulation Stability Evaluation
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TABLE 3 Stability of LCAN-RX-0047 at 4° C. and after freeze-thawing Initial After two After freeze/thaw Parameters values weeks at 4° C. One time Two times Three times Particle size (nm) 97.8 ± 5.3 106.9 ± 4.9 93.2 ± 2.8 91.5 ± 5.2 92.0 ± 3.2 Zeta potential (mV) 29.2 ± 2.41 32.8 ± 0.7 27.3 ± 0.9 30.0 ± 0.6 29.3 ± 1.41 Drug content (mg/ml) 0.98 ± 0.25 0.92 ± 0.21 0.92 ± 0.06 0.98 ± 0.12 0.95 ± 0.15
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Example 3
Two different batches of liposomal formulation were synthesized. Particle sizes, zeta potential and RX-0047 content were measured before and after a cycle of freeze-thaw. For lyophilization, each vial containing 5 ml LCAN formulation was lyophilized in a LABCONCO lyophilizer. There are three stages in the complete drying process: freezing, primary drying, and secondary drying. After secondary drying, vials were stored at 4° C. or product were suspend with ddH2O to check the particles size, zeta potential and drug content.
The stability at 4° C. and freeze-thaw stability was evaluated. As shown in Table 3, the particle size and zeta potential were slightly, but not significantly, increased after stored two week at 4° C. After repeat freeze-thaw process three times, the particle size and zeta potential were not significantly change between before and after the freeze-thawing (Table 3).
10
Carboxylation of Cellulose Nanofibers
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Example 2
Carboxylation of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) was done using the following protocol. 5 g CNF was dispersed in deionized water with a final concentration of 10 mg/ml. To this suspension added 0.5 g of 2,2,6,6 tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO) and 5 g of sodium bromide (NaBr) and stirred for few minutes at 30° C. until TEMPO and NaBr are dissolved. The oxidation was started by adding 25 w/w % sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) w.r.t. the dry weight of NCF. i.e. 31.25 ml of 4 w/v % NaClO solution (1.25 g) to the above reaction mixture. The pH was adjusted to 10-11 using 3N NaOH solution and left for stirring for another 4 hours at ambient conditions. After completion of the reaction, 30 g sodium chloride (NaCl) was added to precipitate the cellulose suspension. The product was then separated using centrifugation techniques and further washed with 1.0 M NaCl solution and 0.1 M HCl solution at least thrice using a centrifuge. Finally, the product was dispersed in deionized water and kept for dialysis using cellulose tubing membrane in deionized water for 3 days and the product was finally lyophilized using labconco lyophilizer to get aerogel. TO-CNF was characterized using 13C-CPMAS solid-state NMR and FTIR.
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