The grading standard of the salt damage index was the same as that of Liu et al. (Liu et al., 2007 (link)). The electrolyte leakage rate of tomato seedling leaves was measured by a conductivity meter (Thermo Orion, MA, USA) according to the methods of Dionisio Sese and Tobita (Dionisio-Sese and Tobita, 1998 (link)). The leaves of the seedlings of every sample was added to 5 mL of HNO3 (65%~68%) after they were heated in a microwave digestion system for 2~3 hours. The Na+ content was determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS; PerkinElmer, Inc., Elan DRC-e) (Chen et al., 2010 (link)).
Elan drc e
Manufactured by PerkinElmer
Sourced in United States, Canada, Germany
The ELAN DRC-e is an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) designed for elemental analysis. It provides precise and sensitive detection of a wide range of elements in various sample types.
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Lab products found in correlation
N butanol, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Suprapur, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Series 2000, by PerkinElmer (5 mentions)
Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (edta), by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Multi element calibration standard 3, by PerkinElmer (4 mentions)
Triton x 100, by PerkinElmer (3 mentions)
Axis ultra dld, by Shimadzu (2 mentions)
Nexion 300d, by PerkinElmer (2 mentions)
Optima 5300 dv, by PerkinElmer (2 mentions)
Multiwave pro, by Anton Paar (2 mentions)
Jupiter 5 m c18 300 reverse phase column, by Phenomenex (2 mentions)
Inertsil 5 m c4 150 reverse phase column, by GL Sciences (2 mentions)
Pure plus, by PerkinElmer (2 mentions)
Ultrapure hno3, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Ultrapure concentrated nitric acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Amicon ultra filter, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Model z 8270, by Hitachi (1 mentions)
Diamond tg dta, by PerkinElmer (1 mentions)
Nicolet is50r, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Fp 6500, by Jasco (1 mentions)
130 protocols using elan drc e
1
Salt Tolerance Assessment in Tomato
2
Trace Metal Biomonitoring in Human Samples
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We quantified the concentrations of Cd in the urine and Cu and Zn in the serum of subjects. The determination of Cd in urine was performed with a flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Model Z-8270, Hitachi) equipped with a Zeeman graphite furnace. Briefly, urine was added to nitric acid and diluted with di-ammonium hydrogen phosphate and 1% Triton X-100, followed by vigorous mixing. The detection limit was 0.01 µg/L for Cd in urine. Cu and Zn in serum were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (Elan DRC-e, Perkin Elmer, USA) at a radio frequency power of 1550 W. The argon plasma gas flow rate and argon carrier gas flow rate were 15 L/min and 1.04 L/min, respectively. The kinetic energy discrimination mode using helium gas (4.3 μL/min) was applied to measure Cu and Zn. The detection limits were 0.54 and 0.15 µg/dL for serum Cu and Zn, respectively. There were no samples with concentrations of any element below the detection limits.
3
Multimodal Characterization of Nanospheres
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Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images and high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) images were captured by Talos F200X electron microscope. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were taken by Nova NanoSEM 450 electron microscope. Energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) mapping (Talos F200X) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) (EAGLE III) were used to analyze the composition of elements in nanospheres. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of samples were operated on X’Pert3 Powder. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis for the valence state of elements in samples were conducted on machine of AXIS-ULTRA DLD-600W. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis for the content of elements in samples was operated on PerkinElmer ELAN DRC-e. The level of DATS in BBCD was determined by thermogravimetric (TG) analyzer (Diamond TG/DTA, PerkinElmer), with an increasing rate of 20°C/min from room temperature to 650°C under air atmosphere. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and UV–vis absorption of the samples were recorded through Nicolet iS50R (Thermo Scientific) and SolidSpec-3700 (Shimadzu) spectrophotometer. FP-6500 (Jasco) spectrometer was used to detect the fluorescence spectra. Fluorescence microscope (Nikon Ti2-U) and flow cytometer (CytoFLEX, Beckman) were used for the fluorometric analysis.
4
Mineral Analysis of Dried Fruits
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A dried fruit sample (0.5 g) was digested in 2 mL concentrated HNO3 in a microwave oven (MILLSTONE, Cremona, Italy) and then diluted with distilled water to 25 mL. This solution was filtered before storage. A blank digest was carried out in the same way [17 (link)]. Minerals and elements were measured by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) (DV5300, PerkinElmer, Boston, MA, USA) method for calcium, iron, potassium, magnesium, sodium and phosphorous and the Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) (ELAN DRC-e, PerkinElmer, Boston, MA, USA) method for copper, manganese and zinc. The results are expressed in milligrams (mg) per100 g fresh edible portion.
5
Intracellular Ion and Zeta Potential Analysis
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The intracellular ions (Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, and K+) of the cultivated cells in ASW and control medium were extracted using the method described by Wiley et al., and estimated using inductive coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS; Perkin-Elmer, ELAN DRC-e) [21 (link)]. The zeta potential (ZP) of the microalgal cells was obtained at 25 °C and in suspension under an applied electric field of 80 mV using a zeta sizer (Nano-Z590, Malvern). The zeta potential of microalgal cells was measured using the Malvern software (v 7.03).
6
Determining Iron Content in Plants
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The samples (leaves, stems, and roots) were washed three times with distilled deionized water and then dried at 70 °C for 48h. The samples with weight ranging from 50 to 100mg were placed into the digestion vessels, mixed with 5ml of concentrated HNO3 (65–68%), and digested in microwave digestion system (CEM Inc., Mars-V). The solution was finally diluted to a certain volume with distilled deionized water. The content of Fe was analysed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS, PerkinElmer Inc., Elan DRC-e) (Chen L. et al., 2010 (link)).
7
Speciation and Characterization of Organoarsenicals
8
Selenium Determination by ICP-MS
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Determination of selenium (80Se) was performed using an ICP mass spectrometer ELAN DRC-e (PerkinElmer). Before each analytical run, the instrument was tuned to achieve the manufacturers’ criteria. Oxygen was used as a reaction gas. Technical details are available on request. The spectrometer was calibrated using an external calibration technique. Calibration standards were prepared fresh daily, from 10 µg/mL Multi-Element Calibration Standard 3 (PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA), by diluting with a blank reagent to the final concentration of 1; 2; 5; 10; 50 µg/L. Correlation coefficients for calibration curves were always greater than 0.999. To minimize matrix effects on the Se signal, the two approaches used were the matrix-matched calibration technique and the internal standard technique. Rhodium 105Rh was selected as the most appropriate internal standard. An analysis protocol assumed a 30-fold dilution of serum in a blank reagent. The blank reagent consisted of high-purity water (>18 MΩ), TMAH (AlfaAesar, Haverhill, MA, USA), Triton X-100 (PerkinElmer), n-butanol (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), and EDTA (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MI, USA).
9
Quantitative Determination of Blood Arsenic
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Total blood arsenic was quantitatively measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, using the ELAN DRC-e instrument (PerkinElmer, Norwalk, CT, USA). Arsenic was measured under the DRC (Dynamic Reaction Cell) conditions with oxygen as a reaction gas (O2 purity > 0.9999, Messer). Samples were diluted 30 times using an alkali buffer. For best accuracy, matrix-matched technique was used for calibration. The calibration curve consisted of 0.0 µg/L; 0.48 µg/L; 0.96 µg/L; 1.98 µg/L and 2.0 µg/L calibration points, for which the linear coefficient was always greater than >0.999. Rhodium was set as an internal standard to compensate instrument drift and matrix effects. Parameters of the method were confirmed by using several available certified materials: NIST 955C (NIST, USA), Plasmonorm Whole Blood Level 1 (ClinCheck, Recipe, Germany).
Additionally, blood lead and cadmium levels were measured as described [20 (link)] in order to assess possible interactions.
Additionally, blood lead and cadmium levels were measured as described [20 (link)] in order to assess possible interactions.
10
Characterization of Nanoparticle Properties
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The fluorescence measurements were performed on a Shimadzu RF-5301 PC fluorophotometer (Kyoto, Japan) and Microplate reader (BioTek, Winooski, VT, USA). A 1 cm path length quartz cuvette and 96-well microplates were used in the experiments. The widths of the excitation and emission slits of the fluorophotometer were set to 3.0 and 3.0 nm, respectively. The Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum was recorded in the range of 400–4000 cm−1 on KBr (FTIR IRAffinity-1s, Shimadzu, Japan). The pH measurements were performed by a PHS-25 pH meter (Shanghai INESA Scientific Instrument Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China). The UV–vis spectrum was recorded in the range of 200–1100 nm on a UV–vis spectrophotometer (Puxi Inc., Beijing, China). Zeta potential was measured by photon correlation spectroscopy using a Zetasizer (Nano-ZS90). A scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image was characterized by a Zeiss Merlin at 1.0 kV. The purified water was obtained from a SMART-N Heal Force Water Purification System (Shanghai Canrex Analytic Instrument Co., Ltd., Pudong, Shanghai, China). The nanoparticle surface charge was determined with a Malvern Zetasizer. The P element was determined by an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ELAN DRC-e, PerkinElmer, Concord, Ontario, Canada).
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