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7 protocols using alexa 488 conjugated goat anti rabbit igg

1

Immunofluorescent Analysis of Cellular Organelles

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Isolated lung tissues were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, embedded in paraffin, cut into 4‐μm‐thick sections, and stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Infiltrating neutrophils were revealed by immunofluorescence using anti‐mouse Ly‐6G/Ly‐6C (Gr‐1) antibody (BioLegend) followed by Alexa 488‐conjugated‐goat anti‐rabbit IgG (Abcam) secondary antibody.
hMSCs were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 15 min, then washed with PBS and permeated with 0.5% Triton X‐100 (V900502‐100ML, Sigma) in PBS for 15 min. The nuclei were stained with Hoechst 33324 (H3570, Thermo Fisher Scientific). The antibodies against Vimentin (ab92547, abcam), HP1α (ab109028, abcam), Lamin B1 (ab16048, abcam), Lamin A/C (ab8984, abcam), H3K9Me2/3(5327, CST), SP100 (ab167605, abcam), and PML (ab179466 and ab96051, abcam) were used as primary antibodies. Secondary antibodies were Alexa 488‐conjugated‐goat anti‐rabbit IgG (Abcam) and Alexa 555‐conjugated‐goat antimouse IgG (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Images were taken by a laser‐scanning confocal microscope (Leica TCS SP8, Leica, Germany).
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2

MDCK-BST-2 Immunofluorescence Staining

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MDCK-BST-2 cells were plated at a density of 5 × 104 cells in a Lab-Tek II chamber slide (Thermo Scientific) and incubated overnight. Cells were washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 5 min. After washing with PBS, cells were blocked with blocking buffer (PBS supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% BSA) for one hour at room temperature, probed with a 1:1000 dilution of a rabbit anti-BST-2 antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) in blocking buffer for one hour, washed in PBS, and incubated with a 1:1000 dilution of Alexa-488-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (Abcam) for another hour. After a final washing step with PBS, cells were stained with DAPI and imaged by fluorescence microscopy.
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3

Histological Analysis of Ocular Tissues

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The eyeballs were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 24 h at room temperature, dehydrated with 30% sucrose before transferred into OCT medium (4583, SAKURA) and then frozen at −20 °C. The tissues were sectioned into 8 μm in thickness and placed on glass slides. The tissues mounted on slides were then washed with ddH2O for 10 min to remove OCT. For hematoxylin-eosin staining, slides were stained with hematoxylin (MINDEL GTS-1096) for 5 min, then stained with eosin (G1100, Solarbio) for 90 s. For immunofluorescence staining, slides were treated with 0.5% Triton (V900502-100ML, Sigma) for 15 min followed by 10% donkey serum for 1 h before incubating with primary antibodies overnight at 4 °C. On the next day, sections were washed with 0.1% Tween 20 in PBS (PBST) and incubated with the secondary antibodies for 1 h at room temperature. The nuclei were stained with Hoechst 33324 (H3570, Thermo Fisher Scientific). The antibodies (Abcam) against CD31, α-smooth muscle actin, Ly6G and MPO were used as primary antibodies. Secondary antibodies were Alexa 488-conjugated-goat anti-rabbit IgG (Abcam), Alexa 594-conjugated-goat anti-rat IgG (Abcam), and Alexa 555-conjugated-goat anti-mouse IgG (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Images were captured under a laser-scanning confocal microscope (Leica TCS SP8, Leica).
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4

Muscle Stem Cell Proliferation Assay

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Animals were given water with BrdU (0.8 mg/ml) (Sigma, Saint Louis, MO) for 3 days after injection and then animals were sacrificed and soleus were removed 14 d after immobilization. Muscles were fixed and incubated with 2 N HCl for 20 min. Samples were washed and sections were incubated with anti-BrdU (1:200; Sigma, Saint Louis, MO) and anti-Pax7 (1:200, Abcam) at 4°C overnight, followed by Alexa 594-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (1:500, Abcam) and Alexa 488-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (1:500, Abcam). Finally, the sections were incubated with DAPI (Life Technologies, Japan) for 1 min, washed in PBS, and mounted in mounting solution (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Positive cells were counted under 20 high-power fields (HPFs) of 25 sections and the relative number of Pax7/BrdU-positive cells in HPF was noted.
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5

Immunophenotyping of Glioblastoma Cells

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To identify the GBM2 isolated from glioma patients, the sample cells were incubated with anti-CD133 (1:200, Beyotime,Shanghai,China) and anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) (1:100, Beyotime,Shanghai,China) antibodies, or anti-CD31 antibody (rabbit immunoglobulin [IgG], 1:1000; Abcam) and anti-Ki67 (1:500, Abcam) antibodies. The cultured cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (Beyotime, Shanghai, China) for 10 min and washed three times with PBS. The cells were permeabilized with 0.1% Triton-X 100 (Beyotime, Shanghai, China) for 20 min, and blocked with 2% BSA at room temperature (RT) for 60 min. The cells were then incubated with the primary antibodies for 60 min at RT. After rinsing with PBS three times, cells were incubated with the following secondary antibodies for 60 min: Alexa 488-conjugated goat antirabbit IgG and Alexa 594-conjugated goat antimouse IgG (1:2000, Abcam,Cambridge,UK) at RT. Cell nuclei were counter-stained with DAPI (Beyotime, Shanghai, China). Cells were examined under a Confocal Microscope (Olympus,Tokyo, Japan).
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6

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Wound Bed

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Samples from the wound bed on day 3 were first dewaxed and rehydrated and then repaired antigen via boiling in a 100 ℃ citrate buffer water bath for 25 min. The tissue sections were blocked with immunohistochemical blocking solution (Beyotime, China) for 90 min. The primary antibodies used in this experiment were incubated at 4 ℃ overnight, as follows: CD86 (Signalway Antibody, USA) and CD163 (GeneTex, USA) and then incubated with the following secondary antibodies for 90 min at room temperature: Alexa 488-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (Abcam, UK) and Alexa 594-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (Abcam, UK). The nuclei were stained with DAPI (YESEN, China). Images were acquired using a laser-scanning confocal microscope (Carl Zeiss LSM880, Germany).
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7

Dual Immunofluorescence Staining of RA Synovium

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Synovial tissue samples from RA patients (n = 8; 5 females and 3 males, mean age ± SD 67.63 ± 11.35 years) were obtained by biopsies from the hand (n = 3), knee (n = 2), elbow (n = 2) and hip (n = 1) joints. For the double-staining experiments, formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded synovial sections from RA patients were used and processed as previously described16 (link). Then, the samples were incubated with a primary rabbit anti-human antibody against S100A11 (diluted 1:200, Abcam, Cambridge, UK) and a mouse anti-human antibody against MPO (diluted 1:200, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) overnight at 4 °C. The samples were washed with PBS and treated with Alexa 488-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG and Alexa 647-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG secondary antibodies (both diluted 1:200, Abcam, Cambridge, UK) at room temperature (RT, 1 h). The samples were then washed and stained with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI, diluted 1:1000, RT, 10 min, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). Finally, the samples were washed with distilled water and mounted with Fluoromount aqueous mounting medium (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA).
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