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4 protocols using aldh1 2

1

Western Blot Analysis of EMT Markers

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The cell lysis, determination of protein concentrations, protein separation by SDS-PAGE, and blotting procedures were performed as previously described [39 (link),40 (link)]. For the detection of specific protein bands, the following antibodies were used: p21 Waf1/Cip1 (12D1, Cell Signaling #2947, 1:2000), ZEB1 (D80D3, Cell Signaling #3396, 1:500), Vimentin (D21H3, Cell Signaling #5741, 1:5000), E-cadherin (24E10, Cell Signaling #3195, 1:2000), SNAI2 (Slug, C19G7, Cell Signaling #9585, 1:1000), CD133 (Miltenyi #130-092-395, 1:250), ALDH1/2 (Santa Cruz #sc-166362, 1:500), CD44 (Cell Signaling #3570, 1:1000), ABCG2 (Cell Signaling # 4477, 1:1000), Oct4A (C52G3, Cell Signaling #2890, 1:1000), and GAPDH (6C5, Abnova #MAB5476, 1:40,000). Protein bands were visualized using Immobilon Western Blot Chemiluminescent HRP Substrate (Merck Millipore, Burlington, MA, USA). Images were processed and analyzed using ImageJ (ImageJ 1.46r, Rasband, WS, U.S. National Institutes of Health) and ratios were determined relative to the intensity of the housekeeper GAPDH band. The uncropped western blot figures can been found in supplementary files.
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2

Red Propolis Modulates Stemness Markers

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UM-SCC-17B cells were treated with increasing concentrations of red propolis (0.5-50 μg/ml) for 24 hours. Alternatively, cells were exposed to 5 μg/ml red propolis or vehicle control for 24, 48, or 72 hours. Primary antibodies were, as follows: rabbit anti-human Bmi-1 or Oct-4 (Cell Signaling Technology); mouse anti-human CD44 (Cell Signaling Technology), ALDH1/2 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) or β-actin (Chemicon/Millipore). Immunoreactive proteins were visualized by SuperSignal West Pico chemiluminescent substrate (Thermo Scientific).
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Immunohistochemical Analysis of Thyroid Cancer

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Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues from surgically removed human thyroid cancer samples were collected at Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea between 1996 and 2012 following the Institutional Review Board approval. The use of human samples was also approved by the IRB board of the National Cancer Institute. Tissues from xenografted tumor were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin (Sigma-Aldrich) and subsequently embedded in paraffin. Five-micrometer-thick sections were prepared and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed as previously described (Kim, et al. 2012 (link)) with some modification using Vectastain ABC kit (Vector Laboratories). Antibodies for SRC-3 (#611104, BD Transduction Laboratories), Cyclin D1 (RB-9041-P1, Thermo Scientific), Ki-67 (RB-9043-P0, Thermo Scientific), Bim (#2933, Cell Signaling), cleaved caspase-3 (#9664, Cell Signaling), ALDH1/2 (sc-166362, Santa Cruz), and β-catenin (#9562, Cell Signaling) were used to evaluate protein expression by IHC.
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4

Western Blot Analysis of Stem Cell Markers

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Total cell lysates were obtained by adding RIPA buffer (R0728, Sigma-Aldrich) and protease inhibitor cocktail (P2714, Sigma-Aldrich). Equilibrated protein samples were loaded into a 10% SDS-Page gel, electrophoresed and then electro-transferred to a PVDF membrane (Bio-Rad). Transferred membranes were blocked with a blocking buffer containing 5% non-fat milk (Labscientific, M0841). The following monoclonal antibodies were used: Nanog (Cell Signaling, D73G4), CD133 (Cell Signaling, D2V8Q), CD44 (Cell Signaling, 8E2), ALDH1/2 (Santa Cruz, sc-166362), ALDH1 (Cell Signaling, D9J7R), MDR1/ABCB1 (Cell Signaling, E1Y7B), HIF1-α (Cell Signaling, D5F3M), ABCG2 (Cell Signaling, D5V2K), nucleoporin-62 (Santa Cruz, sc-48373), EpCAM (Cell Signaling, VU1D9) and EPAS-1 (Santa Cruz, 190B). Target proteins were visualized with the secondary mouse or rabbit IgG antibodies and a chemiluminescent substrate (Santa Cruz, sc-2048). All Western blot results were normalized by total protein (Fig. S5). All Western blot experiments were reproduced and performed three times for quantification.
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