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7 protocols using urea nh2conh2

1

Betanin Extraction from Beetroot Waste

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The reagents used in the preparation of DES were analytical grade. Urea (NH2CONH2) was provided by Sigma-Aldrich (Sigma-Aldrich Química S de RL. de C.V., Toluca, México); the magnesium chloride (MgCl2·6H2O), HCl, and NaOH were provided by Fermont (Fermont Productos Químicos Monterrey, México).
The 5kg of beetroot (Beta vulgaris) waste used in this research was provided by a Mexican beetroot juice manufacturer (México city, México). The beetroot waste included peel and pulp from var. red cloud. The water content of the beetroot waste was determined as 550 ± 17 mg/g. The waste was distributed and stored in plastic bags of 100 g at 0 °C for later use. The loss of water from the thawed waste was found to be 533 ± 17 mg/g, indicating a 3.2% loss of water.
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2

Synthesis of La-RE-FeO3 Perovskites

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La(NO3)3·6H2O (99.9%), Nd(NO3)3·6H2O (99.9%), Gd(NO3)3·6H2O (99.9%), Yb(NO3)3·6H2O (99.9%),
Sm(NO3)3·6H2O (99.9%), Ho(NO3)3·6H2O (99.9%), and Er(NO3)3·6H2O (99.9%) were obtained from
Alfa Aesar, while Fe(NO3)3·9H2O (98%) and urea (NH2CONH2) (99–100.5%)
were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. KOH (85%, pellets) was purchased
from Fisher Scientific. The synthesis of LaxRE1–xFeO3 (RE
= Nd, Sm, Gd, Ho, Er, Yb, and Y) was undertaken by placing 5 mL of
0.4 M Fe(NO3)3 in a 40 mL Teflon-lined steel
autoclave, to which was added the required stoichiometric amounts
of 0.4 M RE(NO3)3 and 0.4 M La(NO3)3. After this, 4.5 g of KOH was added to the mixture
(∼60% fill) and homogenized by stirring for 30 min before being
allowed to cool to room temperature. Finally, 1.5 g of urea was added
with further stirring and the reactant solution was sealed inside
the autoclave and heated for 48 h at 240 °C. After cooling to
room temperature, the as-produced powders were washed using deionized
water before being dried in air at 80 °C. The washed and dried
materials were then gently ground using a pestle and mortar before
further study.
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3

Artificial Saliva Preparation for Dental Research

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To maintain an environment similar to the oral environment, the bovine teeth used in the experiments were placed in artificial saliva. The artificial saliva contained 0.4 g of sodium chloride (NaCl; Daejung, Siheung, Korea), 0.4 g of potassium chloride (KCl; Daejung), 0.795 g of calcium chloride dihydrate (CaCl 2•2H2O, powder; Daejung), 0.78 g of sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate (NaH2PO4•2H2O; Daejung), 0.005 g of sodium sulfide nonahydrate (Na 2S•9H2O; Sigma-Aldrich), 1.0 g of urea (NH2CONH2; Sigma-Aldrich), and 1,000 mL of distilled water.
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH, Daejung) was gradually added to the solution containing the above reagents, and the resulting solution was mixed using a magnetic stir bar. During mixing, the pH was maintained at 6.75 using a pH meter (Orion STAR A214, Thermo Scientific, Singapore) and the attached electrode (Orion 8102BNUWP, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Beverly, MA, USA).
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4

Synthesis of Nickel Tellurite Compound

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Nickel nitrate (Ni(NO3)2⋅6H2O, 98%, Alfa Aesar), telluric acid (H6O6Te, 98%, Sigma-Aldrich), urea (NH2CONH2, 99.0–100.5%, Sigma-Aldrich), absolute ethanol (EtOH, 99.5%, ETAX), and deionized water were used in the present work. All reactants were used as received, without further purification.
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5

Copper-Bipyridine Complex Synthesis

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The following chemicals were purchased and used as-received without further purification: Copper(II) chloride dihydrate (CuCl2·2H2O, ACS grade, Sigma Aldrich), 2,2,-bipyridine (C10H8N2, reagent grade, Sigma Aldrich), oxalic acid (HO2CCO2H, reagent grade, Alfa Aesar), urea (NH2CONH2, ACS grade, Sigma Aldrich), dicyandiamide (NH2C( = NH)NHCN, ACS grade, Sigma Aldrich), copper(II) acetylacetonate (Cu(acac)2, ACS reagent, Sigma Aldrich), oleylamine (CH3(CH2)7CH = CH(CH2)8NH2, ≥ 98%, Sigma Aldrich), ethanol (C2H5OH, HPLC grade, Fisher Scientific), methanol (CH3OH, HPLC grade, Fisher Scientific), deionized water (18.2 MΩ) was collected from an ELGA PURELAB flex apparatus.
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6

MAX Phase Synthesis and Purification

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The MAX powder (Ti3AlC2) (98% purity) was
purchased from Luoyang Tongrun Info Technology Co., Ltd., China, and
hydrofluoric acid (HF) (40 wt %, Merck), deionized (DI) water, hydrochloric
acid (HCl) (37%, Merck), lithium fluoride (LiF) (99.98%, Merck), sodium
hydroxide (NaOH) (99%, Merck), potassium hydroxide (KOH) (99%, Merck),
dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (C2H6OS) (99% purity,
Merck), poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF), aqueous ammonia (NH3) (25%, Merck), urea (NH2CONH2) (Merck),
and poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) ((C2F4)n) membrane (pore size, 100 nm) were purchased from Laisheng,
Haining, China, and used without further purification.
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7

Synthesis of Photocatalytic Materials

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The chemicals utilized for the synthesis of the photocatalysts were of analytical grade and used without further treatment. All of the solutions were prepared in DI-water. Congo red [C32H24N6O6S2·2Na] (M.W. = 696.67 g mol−1), ferric nitrate nonahydrate [Fe(NO3)3·9H2O] (M.W. = 403.99 g mol−1, >97%), urea [NH2CONH2] (M.W. = 60.07 g mol−1, 99.5%) and potassium hydroxide [KOH] (M.W. = 56.11 g mol−1, >95%) were purchased from Merck. Zinc powder (M.W. = 65.38 g mol−1, >97%) and tellurium powder (M.W. = 127.38 g mol−1, 99.8%) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich Chemicals. Meanwhile, methyl orange [C14H14N3NaO3S] (M.W. = 327.33 g mol−1) and methylene blue [C16H18N3SCl] (M.W. = 319.85 g mol−1) were supplied by Beijing Chemical Reagent Limited Corporation in China.
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