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10 protocols using fluorescent beads

1

Visualizing Endothelial Microparticle Expression

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First, 50-µl aliquots of EMP suspensions were incubated with 20 µl phycoerythrin-labeled anti-CD62E (BD Pharmingen; BD Biosciences) at room temperature in the dark for 30 min, and the reaction was stopped with 1.5 ml PBS, then ultracentrifuged at 16,000 x g for 1 h at 4˚C. The samples were resuspended in 50 µl PBS, mixed with 2 µl fluorescent beads (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA) 1-µm in diameter, then added to the microscope slide and immediately analyzed using confocal laser scanning microscopy (magnification, x300; Olympus FV500; Olympus Corporation) with excitation and emission wavelengths of 549 and 565 nm, respectively. Differential interference contrast images and fluorescent confocal images were obtained simultaneously.
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2

Fabrication and Analysis of Magnetic Microtissue Arrays

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The magnetic microtissue microwell array devices were fabricated as described previously11 (link)15 (link) from poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) via replica molding9 (link). Each well contained a pair of flexible micropillars whose tops were tagged with 2 μm diameter fluorescent beads (Sigma) to track their deflections. An approximately 100 μm diameter nickel sphere (Alfa Aesar) was attached to one pillar in each well to enable magnetic actuation. To create the microtissues, the arrays were seeded9 (link)11 (link) with SMCs, 2.5 mg/mL rat tail collagen I (BD Biosciences) and 2 mg/mL fibrinogen from bovine plasma (Sigma)10 (link) at a density of 200–400 cells per microwell. The cells compacted the matrix and formed microtissues within 12 hours of seeding. Experiments were done 48 hours after the initial cell seeding. To isolate the ECM contributions to the microtissues’ dynamics, selected microtissues were treated with a 0.1% solution of Triton X-100 for 10 minutes to lyse the cells. Confocal imaging was done on fixed samples stained for collagen type I (AB755P primary antibodies, Millipore; fluorophore-conjugated, anti-IgG secondary antibodies (Invitrogen)), F-actin (Tritc-phalloidin, Sigma), and nuclei (Hoechst 33342, Invitrogen), and 2D projections were obtained by averaging the fluorescent intensity over the confocal stacks.
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3

Microglia Phagocytosis Assay in Fmr1 KO Mice

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The functional impact of LPS treatment on WT and Fmr1 KO microglia was determined using a fluorescent bead phagocytosis assay. Microglia were cultured on glass coverslips in a 12-well plate and treated with LPS (see Table S1) then microglia where incubated with fluorescent beads (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) for 2 h at 37°C. Following incubation, microglia were washed thoroughly then were fixed with 4% PFA. Coverslips were immunostained for microglia (with anti-Iba1) and nuclei (DAPI) prior to being mounted on a glass slide. Microglia, DAPI and beads were imaged using Zeiss Apotome and Zeiss Confocal microscope. Beads per cell (microglia) were recorded and averaged per treatment group (Figure 3). For each genotype, treatment and time-point, 2–3 coverslips (1 coverslip/well) were plated and stained for analysis. Following staining, each coverslip was imaged, and 2–3 images were collected for quantification. Within each image, every microglial cell was assessed for co-localization of beads (i.e. 0+ beads). All beads per cell (microglia) values were averaged for each treatment or time-point and statistically compared between genotypes.
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4

Comparative Antigen Uptake and Phagocytosis

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WT and KO ATDCs were pulsed with different doses of OVA-Alexa 647 for 15 min and then chased for 30 min at 37 or 4°C. To study phagocytosis, ATDCs were pulsed with fluorescent beads (Sigma) at different dilutions.
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5

3D Live Imaging of Embryonic Development

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Three-dimensional static live imaging was performed on a Zeiss Lightsheet Z.1 lightsheet microscope. Embryos were suspended in a solution of DMEM without phenol red containing 12.5% filtered rat serum and 1% low-melt agarose (Invitrogen) in a glass capillary tube. Once the agarose solidified, the capillary was submerged into an imaging chamber containing DMEM without phenol red, and the agarose plug was partially extruded from the glass capillary tube until the portion containing the embryo was completely outside of the capillary. The temperature of the imaging chamber was maintained at 37°C with 5% CO2. Images were acquired using a 20× objective with dual-side illumination in a multi-view mode (four evenly spaced views spanning 360° for E8.0 embryos imaging) or tile scanning mode (for E8.5 and E9.5 embryos imaging). The light sheet images were processed using Zen (Zeiss), Arivis Vision4D (Arivis), Imaris (Bitplane) and ImageJ.
Time lapse imaging was performed similarly to the static live imaging with the following modifications: (i) 2% fluorescent beads (1 : 1000, diameter: 2 µm; Sigma-Aldrich) were added to the low melting point agarose for drift compensation. (ii) Images were acquired for 3 h with 5 min intervals.
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6

3D culture of RWPE-1 prostate cells

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The RWPE-1 cell line was obtained from ATCC (CRL-11609). This cell line is derived from non-neoplastic human prostate epithelial cells by immortalization with human papillomavirus. RWPE-1 cells were maintained in KSFM (Life Technologies) supplemented with 5 ng/mL Epidermal Growth Factor (Life Technologies), 50 mg/mL Bovine Pituitary Extract (Life Technologies) and 1% Penicillin-Streptomycin (Life Technologies). Cells were passaged upon 70% confluence and seeded at 20000 cells/ml density. The cells were routinely cultured in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO2 at 37 °C. For the 3D cell culture experiments a Matrigel® drop was deposited at the center of Greiner petri dishes (Sigma-Aldrich) and allowed polymerizing for 30 minutes at 37 °C. RWPE-1 cells were then added at the surface of Matrigel and allowed attaching for 1 hour at 37 °C. KSFM (Life Technologies) supplemented with 50 ng/mL Epidermal Growth Factor (Life Technologies), 2% Fetal Bovine Serum (Life Technologies) and 1% Penicillin-Streptomycin (Life Technologies) was subsequently added and cell culture was monitored by 3D lens-free imaging for 7 days. For the second experiment, fluorescent beads with a diameter of 10 µm (Sigma-Aldrich) were mixed with Matrigel, prior to cell seeding.
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7

Microglial Phagocytosis Assay with Fluorescent Beads

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We plated primary microglia at a density of 1 × 105 in a 12-well dish with PDL-coated coverslips for 48 h in a 37 °C cell incubator with 5% CO2 and 100% humidity. Next, we blocked 1-μm fluorescent beads (Sigma-Aldrich, #L1030) in FBS for 1 h at 37 °C at a ratio of 1:5 v/v. Florescent beads were diluted with DMEM to reach a final concentration of 0.01% (v/v). Microglial culture media were replaced with 250 μl DMEM containing beads and incubated for 1 h at 37 °C in a cell incubator. Cultures were washed thoroughly five times with ice-cold PBS (Lerner Research Institute Media Core) and fixed in ice-cold methanol prior to immunofluorescent staining for IBA1 (1:500, #019-19741, Wako).
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8

Fluorescent Bead Injection for Neuronal Activity Mapping

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Adenoassociated viral vector (AAV1.CAG.GCaMP6f.WPRE.SV40) was obtained from the University of Pennsylvania Vector Core. Fluorescent beads (2 μm, polystyrene, excitation 575 nm, emission 610 nm) were obtained from Sigma Aldrich; approximately 4 × 105 beads were injected at each site.
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9

Fabricating 3D Cell Culture Microenvironment

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2 mL of degassed PDMS was poured and cured into each well of a 6-well plate (Figure 1C). Each PDMS well was punched along the shape of a 12 mm glass slide and each oxidized PAA-coated PDMS slide was set at the bottom of the well. Trypsinized cells were mixed with neutralized type I bovine collagen (BD Biosciences) to create a suspension of 10 million cells / mL in 2 mg/mL of collagen. For cell-free experiments, 1 µm diameter fluorescent beads (Sigma) were added to the neutralized collagen solution. 6 µL of the collagen gel solution was dispensed over each adhesive pattern and allowed to polymerize for 45 min in a humidified cell incubator (37 °C, 5% CO2). 250 µL of either 2.5 mg/mL neutralized collagen or 2.5 mg/mL neutralized collagen supplemented with growth factor reduced matrigel (BD Biosciences: 61% laminin, 30% collagen IV, 7% entacin, and 2% other proteins including proteoglycans) mixture of collagen gel and matrigel solutions (75v/v% collagen I + 25v/v% marigel) was poured on each well and allowed to polymerize for 1 hour in the humidified incubator. 2 mL of cell culture media were added to each well and cultured at 37 °C. For observation of non-specific cellular movement, Latrunculin (10µM) was added to the media in control samples to prevent actin polymerization and hence migration.
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10

Live Imaging of Developing Embryos

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Three-dimensional static live imaging was performed on a Zeiss Lightsheet Z.1 lightsheet microscope. Embryos were suspended in a solution of DMEM without phenol red containing 12.5% filtered rat serum and 1% low-melt agarose (Invitrogen) in a glass capillary tube. Once the agarose solidified, the capillary was submerged into an imaging chamber containing DMEM without phenol red, and the agarose plug was partially extruded from the glass capillary tube until the portion containing the embryo was completely outside of the capillary. The temperature of the imaging chamber was maintained at 37° C with 5% CO2. Images were acquired using a 20× objective with dualside illumination in a multi-view mode (4 evenly spaced views spanning 360° for E8.0 embryos imaging) or tile scanning mode (for E8.5 and E9.5 embryos imaging). The light sheet images were processed using Zen (Zeiss), Arivis Vision4D (Arivis), Imaris (Bitplane) and ImageJ.
Time lapse imaging was performed similarly to the static live imaging with the following modifications: 1) 2% fluorescent beads (1:1,000, diameter: 2 μm; Sigma-Aldrich) were added to the low melting point agarose for drift-compensation. 2) Images were acquired for 3 hours with 5 min. intervals.
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