Pendant g

Electronic data loggers (HOBO Pendant G, Onset Computer Corp., Bourne, MA, USA); validated by Ledgerwood et al [13 (link)] were placed on the right hind leg of prepartum cows at 22 days before expected date of parturition and removed immediately after calving to assess the lying time. The loggers were frequently checked to ensure they were well fastened on the leg. Data from individual animals were exported from the HOBO ware Pro software to an excel spreadsheet (Microsoft Corp., Redmond, WA, USA). Lying time was summarized to determine the diurnal total number of hours spent lying in a day. Rumination time was assessed with HR-Tags (SCR Engineers Ltd., Netanya, Israel) that were fitted to the left side of the neck of each cow from day of enrollment (d −28) to calving (d 0) of each experimental animal and averaged in 2 h interval periods over 24 h.

The experiment was conducted to determine time to cessation of movement of laying hens subjected to each depopulation treatment. Accelerometer data loggers (HOBO Pendant G, Onset Computer Corporation, Bourne, MA, USA) were attached to the shanks of each bird by zip ties to measure changes in the movement as hens were exposed to the treatments. The accelerometers were programmed to start logging data every second. The end point of convulsive movements was determined as the point where a flat line (no signal) was recorded. The time-interval between start of treatment until loss of motion was determined for each hen. Forty-eight spent hens were used in total in this trial.

Standing and lying behaviour of a subset of 12 calves/treatment was recorded with accelerometers (Hobo pendant G, Onset Computer Corporation, Bourne, MA, USA) attached to the right hind leg of the calves using Vet Wrap (Professional Preference, Calgary, AB, Canada). At LO1, accelerometers were placed, each in a vertical position on the hind right leg of the respective calf with the X-axis pointing up towards the backbone of the calf, and set to record data at 1-min intervals. Data from the days when the accelerometers were placed (d -2 and/or -1) and removed (d 5) from the calves were excluded from the analysis due to incomplete data. Standing and lying percentage per day, and standing and lying mean bout duration per day were summarized by day for further analysis.

Accelerometers (Hobo pendant G, Onset Computer Corporation, Bourne, MA) were placed on the calves using Vet Wrap (Professional Preference, Calgary, Canada) to determine daily standing and lying percentage, and daily average standing and lying bout duration [24 ]. Accelerometers were wrapped in plastic to protect the device from moisture and in foam to avoid discomfort when placed above the hock [17 (link)]. Accelerometers were placed on d -1 and changed weekly to avoid inflammation of the area. Information from days when accelerometers were changed (d 7, 14, 21 and 28) were excluded from the analysis due to incomplete data collection.

Standing and lying behaviour were measured daily using accelerometers (Hobo pendant G, Onset Computer Corporation, Bourne, MA) to determine daily standing and lying percentage, and daily average standing and lying bout durations [41 ]. Accelerometers were wrapped in plastic to protect them from moisture and in foam to avoid discomfort when placed on the calves using Vet Wrap (Professional Preference, Calgary, Canada) [24 ]. Accelerometers were placed on the calves on d -1 and changed weekly. Information from days when accelerometers were changed (d 6, 14, 21 and 28) were excluded from the analysis due to incomplete data collection.

Behaviour was assessed as previously described by Meléndez et al. [5 (link), 7 (link)]. Standing and lying behaviour of a subset of 12 calves/treatment was recorded with accelerometers (Hobo pendant G, Onset Computer Corporation, Bourne, MA, USA) attached to the right hind leg of the calves using Vet Wrap (Professional Preference, Calgary, AB, Canada). At LO1, accelerometers were placed, each in a vertical position on the right hind leg of the calf with the X-axis pointing up towards the backbone of the calf, and set to record data at 1-min intervals. Data from the days when the accelerometers were placed (d -1) and removed (d 6) from the calves were excluded from the analysis due to data not being collected for a full 24 h period. Daily standing and lying percentage, and daily standing and lying mean bout duration were summarized for further analysis for 5 d after transport. Data regarding the duration of time spent standing during transportation (20, 4, and 15 h) and rest (8 h in the pen) were extracted from the accelerometer raw data and summarized by hour for further analysis.