microscopy observations were performed
on an Eclipse TE 2000-U microscope (Nikon Instruments Inc.) equipped
with a blue excitation B-2A filter (Nikon Instruments Inc.) with longpass
emission (excitation 450–490 nm, cutoff wavelength 500 nm,
and barrier filter wavelength 515 nm) and oil-immersed ×100 or
×40 objective lens. YOYO-labeled T4 DNA molecules were illuminated
with a mercury lamp, and fluorescent images were observed and recorded
on a EB-CCD monochrome camera using an Argus 10 image processor system
(Hamamatsu Photonics, Japan). Fluorescence images of beads containing
DNA and multilayers and capsules were recorded on a Nikon DS-Ri1 digital
camera and analyzed using a Micron Optics image-analysis system and
NIS-Elements BR 3.1 software. The focal plane of beads’ and
capsules’ images was chosen at approximately the center of
the bead/capsule height.
The size of DNA molecules and beads
was measured using ImageJ 1.52i software (NIH). The apparent long-axis
length of the T4 DNA molecule in solution was measured as the longest
distance in the outline of DNA molecule fluorescence images of single-DNA
chain. The diameter of beads and capsules was measured at approximately
the center of bead/capsule height.