Bismuth iii nitrate

Bismuth(iii) nitrate (Bi (NO₃)₃·5H₂O, 98%), ammonium vanadate (NH₄VO₄, >99%), stannic chloride (SnCl₄, 98%), and sodium sulfite (Na₂SO₃, 98%) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate ((NH₄)₂·MoS₄, 99.95%) was purchased from Alfa Aesar. Sodium sulphate (Na₂SO₄), sodium monohydrogen phosphate (Na₂HPO₄), and sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH₂PO₄) were obtained from Sarabhai M Chemicals. Ethylene glycol and potassium ferricyanide were purchased from SDFCL and used as received.

The main chemical materials used for the synthesis of the NPs were bismuth(III) nitrate (≥98%)), propylene glycol (CH₃CH(OH)CH₂OH), reagent-grade ethanol, toluene (99.8%), ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC, ≥97%), N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS, ≥98%), folic acid (FA; C₁₉H₁₉N₇O₆), (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane (APTMS, 97%), and MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Missouri; USA); and dichloromethane, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), methanol (CH₃OH), purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). The materials used for the cell cultures including Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), trypan blue, and trypsin-EDTA 0.25% all purchased from GIBCO (Invitrogen, Germany). The human KB cell line was kindly gifted by Dr Ali Shakerizadeh (Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran) and A549 cell line were obtained from Medical Biology Research Center at Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (Kermanshah, Iran).

Clindamycin phosphate, Penicillin/Streptomycin (P/S), 0.25% trypsin/EDTA, Veratrine alkaloid, RPMI-1640, Fetal bovine serum (FBS), Bismuth III nitrate, atropine, quercetin, andrographolide, Folin-Ciocalteus, and MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) reagents were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, USA. Other chemicals such as dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), bromocresol green, and gallic acid were purchased from Biobasic, Canada, while absolute ethanol was from VWR Chemicals, France.