Schematic representation of the experimental procedures for the sonochemical synthesis of the CeO2 nanoparticles and the AC-CeO2 nanocomposites.
Bulk ceo2
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States
Bulk CeO2 is a powdered form of cerium oxide, a widely used material in various industrial applications. It serves as a core component in numerous lab equipment and processes, providing specific functional characteristics. The detailed description of its intended use and applications is not available within the scope of this response.
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2 protocols using bulk ceo2
1
Sonochemical Synthesis of CeO2 Nanoparticles
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Fig. 1 schematically illustrates the experimental steps for the fabrication of the AC-CeO2 nanocomposites via the simple sonochemical technique. Initially, the CeO2 nanoparticles were synthesized by using bulk CeO2 (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). Bulk CeO2 (1 g) was blended in deionized (DI) water (100 ml) and stirred for 10 min. After that, the prepared mixture solution was transferred into the glass vessel and sonicated at the ultrasonic power of 240 W under 35 kHz for 1 h. During the sonication process, the high intensity of the ultrasound provides a sufficient energy to break the larger aggregates into the smaller species [54] (link), [55] , [56] , and it could eventually lead to the high dispersity of the nanostructures. After completing the sonication process, the CeO2 nanoparticles could be obtained through following sequential processes of ‘collecting, washing, filtrating, and drying’ at 120 °C for 10 h in an electric oven.![]()
2
Nanomaterial Effects on Nitrifying Bioreactors
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NanoAg (52 ± 12 nm, prepared using citrate reduction method), NZVI (46 ± 10 nm, NANOFER 25S, Rajhrad, Czech Republic), nanoTiO2 (21 ± 12 nm, anatase nanopowder, Sigma–Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO), nanoCeO2 (33 ± 12 nm, Sigma–Aldrich) and their ionic/bulk analogs [Ag+ as AgNO3 (Fisher, Suwanee, GA), Fe2+ as FeSO4 (Fisher), bulkTiO2 (Sigma–Aldrich) and bulkCeO2 (Sigma–Aldrich)] were prepared/purchased and characterized as described in Ma et al. [35] . As previously reported (Ma et al. [35] ), lab-scale nitrifying SBRs fed with synthetic wastewater were set up and operated at steady state under three conditions in duplicate: (1) SBRs dosed with nanoAg, NZVI, nanoTiO2, or nanoCeO2; (2) SBRs dosed with Ag+, Fe2+, bulkTiO2, or bulkCeO2; and (3) undosed SBRs. The dosing was initiated at 0.1 mg/L and sequentially increased to 1, 10 and 20 mg/L. The SBRs were actively nitrifying at the time of this study; further details on SBR performance are reported in Ma et al. [35] . Aqueous effluents and biosolids were sampled at the end of 20 mg/L dosing. In preparation for toxicity tests, samples from duplicate SBRs were combined and sterilized with concentrations of nanomaterials in SBR effluents and biosolids quantified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), as described in the Supplementary Information.
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