We recorded contextual, technological and morphometric information on 3792 ochre pieces: square, 10 cm spit in which the object was found, length, width, thickness and weight of complete objects, raw material type (S4 Supplementary Table 1 ), colour and morphology of the piece (slab, pebble, nodule, irregular). Anthropogenic modifications (traces of flaking, striations, facets, smoothed areas, incisions, pits) were identified macro- and microscopically based on experiments conducted on local raw material and the literature19 (link),20 (link),37 (link),38 (link). For precise descriptions of each modification, see Supplementary Information S4 and S4 Supplementary Fig. 1 . All ochre types and anthropogenic modifications were photographed with a Leica Z6 APO macroscope.
Z6 apo macroscope
Manufactured by Leica
The Z6 APO macroscope is a high-precision optical instrument designed for detailed examination and analysis of samples. It features an apochromatic optical system, providing superior image quality and color fidelity. The Z6 APO macroscope is capable of magnifying specimens up to 600x, allowing for precise observation and examination of fine details.
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3 protocols using z6 apo macroscope
1
Comprehensive Ochre Analysis Protocol
2
Imaging Insect Microstructures
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Photographs were taken using a Canon EOS 5D Mark II DSLR camera with a Canon MP-E 65 mm 1–5× macro lens mounted on a motorized rail (Cognisys Stackshot). Elytral microreticulation was imaged using a Canon EOS 600D camera attached to a Leica Z6 APO macroscope with a 2× objective lens. Aedeagal apices of South African species were imaged with the same system, as temporary mounts in hand sanitizer gel. Images were stacked using the PMax algorithm in Zerene Stacker and manually edited in Photoshop. Boxplots were made using R version 3.4.3.
3
Macroscopic Imaging of Specimens
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The Leica Z6APO macroscope tested is equipped with a DFC290 camera, which is able to take pictures of 3 MP. The objective used was the Leica Planapo 2.0×. The lighting used in this set-up were two Manfrotto ring systems consisting of 24 LEDs each. They are opposed to each other and a diffuser is set within the ring. This entire set-up was set over the specimen. The aperture was set to its maximal opening. The exposure time was positioned according to the colour and reflectivity of the specimen. Setting the start and end positions and well as the other settings for the camera is done with the LAS Core software (http://projects.biodiversity.be/ants ).
For the comparison of the different techniques it was necessary to do the stacking with the same software package.
For the comparison of the different techniques it was necessary to do the stacking with the same software package.
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