Tris hydroxymethyl aminomethane buffer

Tween^® 20, cholesterol, cetyl alcohol, chloroform, sulforhodamine B, lipopolysaccharide, trypan blue, dexamethasone, trichloroacetic acid, tris (hydroxymethyl)aminomethane buffer, cytochrome C from equine heart (purity ≥ 95%), melittin (purity ≥ 85%, HPLC grade) and phospholipase A2 (activity: 1775 units/mg solid) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA). Apamin (purity 98.3%) was purchased from CalBiochem (San Diego, CA, USA). Fetal bovine serum, penicillin, streptomycin, trypsin, L-glutamine, and Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) were purchased from Gibco Invitrogen Life Technologies (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Formic acid (HPLC grade) and acetonitrile (HPLC grade) were obtained from Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, UK). The Griess reagent system kit was bought from Promega (Madison, WI, USA). Ultrapure water was obtained from adequate purification systems (Ellix Essential Millipore^®, Darmstadt, Germany, and TGI Pure Water Systems, Brea, CA, USA).

Tris(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane
buffer (M: 121.14 g mol^–1) and dopamine hydrochloride
(M: 189.64 g mol^–1) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich
(Zwijndrecht, the Netherlands) and were used as received. Toluene,
acetone, and 2-propanol were obtained from VWR (Amsterdam, the Netherlands).
PLA granules, Ingeo Biopolymer 4060D, were purchased from NatureWorks
B.V. (Arendonk, Belgium). Titanium grade 5 (Ti6Al4V) wires with a
diameter of 1 mm, a modulus (E_f) of 110
GPa, and a surface roughness (R_a) of 1.3
μm were obtained from SELFAN Fine + Metal GmbH (Köln,
Germany). Stainless steel (SS-316) wires with a diameter of 1 mm,
a modulus (E_f) of 190 GPa, and a surface
roughness (R_a) of 1.1 μm were provided
by Kuil Nicos (Enschede, the Netherlands). For more information and
motivation on the surface morphology of the wires, please refer to
the Supporting Information (SI-1).