For in vitro proliferation, 5 × 105 isolated CD4+ and/or CD8+ T cells in 200 μl proliferation medium (RPMI supplemented with 10% FCS, 2 mM L-glutamine and 50 units/ml penicillin/streptomycin) were added in duplicate to 96-well plates precoated with anti-CD3 antibody (clone 2C11, 5 μg/ml) and soluble anti-CD28 (clone 37.51, 1 μg/ml; BD Pharmingen) was added. For TCR-independent T cell stimulation, 10 ng/ml phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu) and 125 ng/ml of the calcium ionophore ionomycin were added to the media. Cells were harvested on filters after a 48-h stimulation period, pulsed with H3-thymidine (1 mCi/well) in the final 16 h and the incorporation of H3-thymidine was measured with a Matrix 96 direct β counter system.
IL-2 and IFN-γ production in mouse T cells after antibody stimulation was determined by BioPlex technology (BioRad Laboratories) from the supernatant.