Dextran sulfate sodium salt

Dried fruit bodies of the Bachu mushroom were obtained from Bachu County in Xinjiang Province, China. All chemical reagents used in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) analysis were of mass spectrometry grade and purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. (Waltham, MA, USA). Dextran sulfate sodium salt (36–50 kDa) was obtained from MP Biomedicals (Santa Ana, CA, USA). Antibodies against TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, iNOS, COX-2, and GAPDH were purchased from KeyGEN Biotech (Nanjing, China).

Ultrapure CS hydrochloride salt (Protasan UP CL 113, Mw 125 kDa, deacetylation degree of 86%) was purchased from Novamatrix (Sandvika, Norway). Dextran sulfate sodium salt (Mw 6–8 kDa) was bought to MP Biomedicals (Illkirch, France). For the preparation of the NCs in the 96‐well plate pharmaceutical grade CS hydrochloride with a Mw of 47 kDa and a 80–95% deacetylation degree was acquired from Heppe Medical Chitosan GmbH (Halle, Germany), and Dextran sulfate sodium salt pharmaceutical grade, with a Mw 8 kDa was purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich SAFC (Madison, WI). Polyarginine (Mw 29 kDa was obtained from PTS (Valencia, Spain). Sodium alginate ULV‐L3 (viscosity 10% solution 27 mPa·s) was purchased from Kimica Corporation (Tokyo, Japan). Carboxymethyl‐β‐glucan sodium salt, obtained from Saccharomyces cerevisae and modified with carboxymethyl groups at an 85% substitution degree, was a kind donation from Mibelle AG Biochemistry (Buchs, Switzerland). Sodium hyaluronate (HA; Mw 57 kDa) was purchased from Lifecore Biomedical (Chaska, MN). Poly‐l‐glutamic acid sodium salt (Mw 15–50 kDa), and chondroitin‐6‐sulphate sodium salt were obtained from Sigma‐Aldrich.

The AOM/DSS model was performed to study colitis-associated tumor development with Azoxymethane (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA) and Dextran sulfate sodium salt (MP Biochemicals, Illkirch, France), as described previously [36 (link)]. When using tamoxifen inducible strains, tamoxifen (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI, USA) was dissolved in sunflower oil and injected intraperitoneally for five consecutive days one week before each DSS treatment. Each of the three DSS cycles lasted one week and was followed by two weeks of water. tamoxifen 1 mg was applied in a total volume of 100 µL per injection, and all experimental controls obtained the same treatment.

Dextran sulfate sodium salt (molecular weight 36,000–50,000) was purchased from MP Biomedicals, LLC (CA, United States); antibodies, including antibodies of myeloperoxidase (MPO), TNF-α, interleukin-10 (IL-10), G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5), caudal type homeo box transcription factor 2 (CDX2), Mucin2, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), villin, and β-actin, were purchased from Boster Biological Technology Co., Ltd (Wuhan, Hubei, China). Anti-goat IgG-horseradish peroxidase (HRP), anti-rabbit IgG-HRP, and anti-mouse IgG-HRP, RIPA lysis buffer, and BCA Protein Assay Kit were purchased from Boster Biological Technology Co., Ltd (Wuhan, Hubei, China); polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane was purchased from Millipore (CA, United States); Pierce ECL Plus western blotting substrate was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (MA, United States); and UHT whole milk was purchased from Mengniu Dairy (Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China). The B. subtilis strain JNFE0126 was isolated from natto in our experiment.

Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) was obtained from Chengdu Kemaipu Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China). Chitosan (Mw = ∼50 kDa, >90% degree of deacetylation) was supplied by Haidebei Marine Bioengineering Co., Ltd. (Jinan, China). Glycidyl trimethylammonium chloride (GTMAC), 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), N-hydroxy sulfosuccinimide sodium (NHS), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), Lipopolysaccharides (LPS, from E. coli O55:B5) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow gel was from GE healthcare (Uppsala, Sweden). Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), and fetal bovineserum (FBS) were from HyClone, (Logan, UT, USA). TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β ELISA kits were from Bio-Swamp (Wuhan, China). Dextran Sulfate Sodium salt (DSS, M_W = 36–50 kDa) was from MP Biomedicals (Irvine, CA, USA). ROS Assay Kit was from Beyotime (Nanjing, China). All other chemicals were of general reagent grade (unless stated).