Dimethylformamide dmf

Titanium(IV) oxide (nanopowder, 21 nm particle size by transmission electron microscopy, 80–90% anatase polyform with small percentage of rutile polyform) and rhodamine 6G were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St Louis, Missouri, USA).[30 ] Commercial ABS filament was purchased from Octave Systems (Santa Clara, California, USA) (natural color, 1.75 mm width). High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)-grade water, dimethylformamide (DMF), and acetone were purchased from BDH Chemicals (Radnor, Pennsylvania, USA). ABS pellets (resin: GPA 100; color #: NC010; color: natural; lot #: C14–0702 K) was acquired from LTL Color Compounders, Inc. LiBr was purchased from Acros Chemicals (New Jersey, USA).

Tris(4-formylphenyl)amine (TFPA) and 1,2,4,5-benzenetetramine tetrahydochloride (BTA∙4 HCl) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Dimethylformamide (DMF) was purchased from VWR Chemicals (Darmstadt, Germany), further dried over CaH₂ and freshly distilled before utilization.

L-aspartic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, UK), 1,4-diaminobutane (DAB) (Sigma-Aldrich, ≥99%), cysteamine (CYSE) (Sigma-Aldrich, UK), cystamine (CYS) (Sigma-Aldrich, UK), dimethylformamide (DMF) (VWR International, USA), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) (Sigma-Aldrich), o-phosphoric acid (VWR), imidazole (ACS reagent, ≥99%, Sigma-Aldrich), citric-acid*H₂O (ACS reagent, ≥99.9%, VWR), sodium chloride (99–100.5%, Sigma-Aldrich), phosphate buffer saline (PBS) (Tablet, Sigma), D,L-dithiotreitol (DTT) (Sigma), 5,5 dithio bis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (Sigma, ≥98%, USA), L-cystein (Sigma, ≥97%, USA), Humidified incubator (Nuaire, USA), 100 mm tissue culture dishes (Orange Scientific, Belgium), 48 well plates (Sigma-Aldrich, USA), low cell binding 96 well plates (Nunc, Denmark), Eagle’s Medium Alfa minimal essential medium (αMEM) (Gibco, USA), fetal bovine serum (FBS, Gibco, USA), L-glutamine (Gibco, USA), penicillin and streptomycin (Gibco, USA), L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate (Sigma-Aldrich, USA), beta-glycerophosphate (Sigma-Aldrich, USA), dexamethasone (Sigma-Aldrich, USA), WST-1 [2-(4-Iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium] (Roche, Switzerland), Vybrant DiD (Molecular Probes, USA), 2-Amino-2-Methyl-1-Propanol buffer (Sigma-Aldrich, USA), Alkaline Phosphatase Yellow (pNPP) Liquid Substrate System (Sigma-Aldrich, USA).

Formic acid (≥ 98%), tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris), ferrous sulfate, magnesium sulfate, and separate standards of protoporphyrin IX (purity ≥ 95%), protoporphyrin IX cobalt chloride, 5-aminolaevulinic acid hydrochloride (purity ≥ 97%), and hemin from porcine (purity ≥ 97%) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Schnelldorf, Germany). HPLC-grade methanol, acetone, and acetonitrile were purchased from Rathburn Chemicals Ltd. (Walkerburn, Scotland). Analytical-grade hydrochloric acid (37%) and dimethylformamide (DMF) were obtained from VWR International (Fontenay-sous-Bois, France). Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium dihydrate salt (EDTA) and sodium chloride of reagent grade were acquired from Scherlab S.L. (Sentmenat, Spain). A Synergy 185 water purification system from Millipore (Molsheim, France) was used to produce deionized water at 18 MΩ cm. Porphyrin acid chromatographic marker kit (CMK-1A) containing 10 ± 1 nmol of each of six porphyrins (mesoporphyrin IX, coproporphyrin I, 5-carboxylporphyrin I, 6-carboxylporphyrin I, 7-carboxylporphyrin I, and uroporphyrin I) were obtained from Frontier Scientific Inc. (Logan, UT, USA). S. cerevisiae was used for method validation and it was obtained from Jästbolaget (Sollentuna, Sweden). E. coli NovaBlue was obtained from the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics at Stockholm University.

All chemicals were commercially available and used as received unless otherwise stated. Tetrahydrofuran (THF) and dimethylformamide (DMF), both p.a. grade, were purchased from VWR Chemicals (Darmstadt, Germany), sulfur was purchased from Carl Roth GmbH and Co. KG (Karlsruhe, Germany). Diisopropenylbenzene (DIB) was purchased from TCI chemicals (Eschborn, Germany). N-benzylmethylamine, mercury(II) chloride, cadmium nitrate tetrahydrate, cobalt(II) nitrate hexahydrate, zinc nitrate hexahydrate, and lead(II) nitrate were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Munich, Germany). Nitric acid (65%) was purchased from Th. Geyer GmbH and Co. KG. (Hamburg, Germany). Copper(II) nitrate trihydrate, l-cysteine, and Iron(III) nitrate nonahydrate were purchased from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany), and Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) (M_w = 109,000 g/mol, M_w/M_n = 1.86) was gratefully granted by Evonik Industries AG (Essen, Germany).