Ec lab software

Conductivity was calculated by measuring resistance using a standard four-point probe head. Reported values reflect an average over a minimum of three to five measurements obtained for each condition. To continuously measure the resistance while stretching, samples were attached to a homemade stretching station attached to a Keithley multimeter by electrical leads at both ends. Samples were cycled to various strains at a constant strain rate of 10%/min. To measure the resistance change using a 4-point probe method, samples were manually stretched, with initial and final lengths noted using a ruler. At each strain, the resistance of the sample was measured using a standard four-point probe head.
EIS measurements were conducted using a Bio-Logic VSP potentiostat. A punching tool was used to make gel samples with a constant cross-sectional area. The samples were sandwiched between two platinum electrodes within a Swagelok cell and surrounded by 1 × PBS, to ensure samples had a consistent degree of electrolyte saturation. AC impedance measurements were obtained between 500 mHz and 7 MHz at an open-circuit potential of 20 mV amplitude. The impedance data were fit using the Zfit tool from Bio-Logic’s EC-Lab software. For DC measurements, a constant current of 5 mA was applied through the sample.

Electrochemical cells were connected to a multichannel potentiostat (Biologic), and cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) were performed immediately but without data collection for diagnostic purposes and to discharge the electrode. Data were recorded by EC‐Lab software (Biologic). Chronoamperometry (CA) was applied for up to 24 h to detect the activity of E. coli via redox mediators. A detection event was calculated when the slope of the line exceeded four times the standard deviation of the baseline and detection times are expressed as the mean of triplicate analyses unless stated otherwise. A sample raw electrochemical output can be seen in Fig. S2.
The parameters for the electrochemical techniques were chosen accordingly: CA: E_applied = 200 mV versus Ag/AgCl; CV: equilibrium time of 5 s; scan rate of 10 mV/s; E_i = −700 mV versus Ag/AgCl; E_f = 500 mV versus Ag/AgCl; DPV: E_i = −700 mV versus Ag/AgCl; E_f = 500 mV versus Ag/AgCl; pulse height of 50 mV; pulse width of 200 ms; step height of 2 mV; step time of 400 ms and scan rate of 5 mV/s.

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) was conducted using a Bio-logic SP-200 potentiostat/galvanostat. Using a three-electrode (working electrode: CdTe NPs drop-casted thin film, counter electrode: platinum wire, reference electrode: Ag/AgCl) configuration, the experiments were conducted in a frequency range from 100 kHz to 100 mHz, with an amplitude of 10 mV AC polarization on open-circuit potential (OCP) vs. reference electrode. Bode plot and Nyquist plot were extracted from the measurements and fitted to the suggested equivalent circuit using the Z-fit function in EC-lab software (Bio-logic). Open-circuit potential (OCP) decay/relaxation was conducted using the same three-electrode setup to evaluate the charge transfer characteristics on the QD-electrolyte surface. The measurements were first taken in the dark until stable open-circuit potential was obtained followed by irradiating it with a 300 W xenon lamp. The irradiation was turned off once stable open-circuit potential was reached. The OCP decay curve was recorded until the OCP no longer changed.

Electrode impedance measurements were recorded from an MSEA with an intercalated electrode design with a VMP2 potentiostat and analyzed with EC-Lab software (BioLogic; Claix, France). We applied a sinusoidal voltage with amplitude 10 mV centered at the open circuit voltage while recording impedance between 0.1 Hz and 10 kHz. Chlorinated silver wires were used for counter and reference electrodes. The values for the circuit elements in the theoretical model in Figure 7A are R_sol = 100 kΩ, R_ct = 1 GΩ, Q_int = 150 nF s^a−1 where a = 0.85, leading to a complex impedance $Z_{int}=1∕(i{\omega }^a{Q}_{int})$ . In Figure 7C, each recorded point represents the average of 10 recordings at a given frequency.