Uv vis

The stable 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) assay method was used to determine the ability of MEOAL to scavenge the DPPH free radical. The DPPH (Merck, Germany) was prepared by dissolving 0.04 g in 100 mL of methanol [17 ]. A stock solution of vitamin C (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) (Positive control) and an ethanolic MEOALwas prepared by dissolving 0.5 gm in 100 mL methanol-distilled water. Then, serial dilutions of vitamin C and extract were prepared at concentrations of 30, 60, 120, 250 and 500 μg/mL. An amount of 500 μL of each prepared concentration was separately mixed with 5 mL of DPPH. The mixed solution was incubated for 30 min at room temperature, and the absorbance was measured against the blank at 517 nm wavelength with a spectrophotometer (UV-Vis Shimadzu). The percent of the DPPH scavenging effect was calculated by using the following equation:
$$\text{<a class="product" href="/product/miLhCZIBPBHhf-iFnfMu/" target="\_blank">DPPH</a>}\text{scavenging}\text{effect}\left(\%\right)\text{or}\text{inhibition}\left(\%\right)=\frac{Absorbance\left(blanksolution\right)-Absorbanceofextractsolution}{absorbance\left(blanksolution\right)}\times 100$$
The concentrate of the extract (μg/mL) that inhibits 50% of DPPH (IC₅₀) represents the efficacy of the extract that scavenged or cleared 50% of the DPPH radical. The IC₅₀ was determined from the log concentration—(%) inhibition effect using a regression equation from the best-fit correlation line.

Stuart melting point apparatus (SMP 30) was used to measure melting points. The reactions were monitored using pre-coated (0.25 mm) silica gel plates (Merck 60 F₂₅₄, Germany). The spots were visualized using a UV lamp (254 nm). NMR spectra were recorded in (DMSO) at ¹H NMR (400 MHz) and ¹³C NMR (100 MHz) using TMS as an internal standard on a Bruker NMR spectrometer. Mass spectra were performed on the direct inlet part of the mass analyzer in a Thermo Scientific GCMS model ISQ. The UV-Vis (Shimadzu spectrophotometer) was used to monitor the formation of selenium nanoparticles in the range of 400 and 700 nm. The shape and size of SeNPs were practically obtained using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) JEOL (JEM-2100 TEM). Their diameters were assessed by using ImageJ software. Specimens for TEM measurements were prepared by placing a drop of colloidal solution on a 400 mesh carbon-coated copper grid with evaporating the solvent in the air at 25 °C. Dynamic light scattering was used to determine the average diameter and size distribution of the encapsulated samples using Zeta Sizer (Nano-ZS, Malvern Instruments Ltd., Zeta sizer Ver, 704, UK). The samples were sonicated for 30-60 minutes before the assessment to obtain a good suspension of the particles in the solution.

Analysis of amylose content was carried out followed the IRRI (1979) method. Amount 0.1 g of MCF sample were added with 1 mL of 95% ethanol, and 9 mL of 1 N NaOH solution put into a 100 mL volumetric flask. The flask was heated in a water bath (10 min, 95°C). After cooling, the MCF gel solution was added with distilled water to the mark and homogenised using a vortex. Amount 5 mL of MCF gel solution was pipetted and transferred to a test tube. Then, it was added with 1 mL of 1 N acetic acid solution, 2 mL of iodine solution, 5 mL of aquadest into a measuring flask. The sample solution was allowed to stand for 20 min at room temperature before measuring its absorbance with a spectrophotometer UV-Vis (Shimadzu, Japan) at a wavelength of 625 nm. Amylose content (%) was determined using the standard curve equation of amylose solution.

Total starch content of MCF using the method developed by Dubois et al. (1956) (link). Amount 0.5 mL of the sample was put into a test tube, then 0.5 mL of 5% phenol was added and homogenised using a vortex. H₂SO₄ solution concentrated 2.5 mL was added rapidly into the test tube, resulting in an exothermic reaction that produced heat. The sample solution was then allowed to stand for 10 min at room temperature, vortexed, and stand for another 20 min at room temperature. The absorbance value was measured by a spectrophotometer UV-Vis (Shimadzu, Japan) at a wavelength of 490 nm. Glucose level (μg/mL) was determined using a standard curve. The total sugar content (% dry weight) was obtained from the standard curve, while the total starch content (% dry weight) of MCF was calculated by multiplying the total sugar content by 0.9.
where 0.9 is used to represent experimental factors for the conversion of monosaccharides to polysaccharides.

Rolled carbon structural steel ASTM A36 with a plate thickness of 6 mm was used on the welded samples for the uniaxial fatigue and uniaxial tension. For the Charpy impact energy test a plate thickness of 12 mm was used. The mechanical properties for ASTM A36 are shown in Table 4. The chemical composition of the material was checked by spark spectrometry test UV-VIS (Shimadzu Scientific Instruments, Kyoto, Japan) and the results are presented in Table 5.

Diameter and zeta potential of liposomes before and after attachment of peptides were measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS) using Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS90 (Malvern Instruments, Malvern, UK). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (JEM-1400 PLUS, Tokyo, Japan) was used to observe the shape and true size of Rap/Fe₃O₄@VHP-Lipo. The inclusion of VHPKQHR and rapamycin in liposomes was examined by UV-Vis (ultraviolet visible spectroscopy) (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan). To test whether the reaction of VHP with DSPE-PEG₂₀₀₀-NHS was successful, the two individual substances and the end products of their reaction were analyzed by hydrogen-1 nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR) spectroscopy to determine them separately.