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7 protocols using supersignal west dura extended duration

1

Mammalian Cell Lysis and Western Blot Analysis

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Treated cells or isolated MIVs were lysed using the Mammalian Cell Lysis kit (Sigma-Aldrich), as described previously (Niu et al., 2014 (link)). Equal amounts of protein were electrophoresed in a SDS-polyacrylamide gel under reducing conditions followed by transfer to PVDF membranes. Blots were blocked with 5% BSA in TBS-Tween, and Western blots were probed with antibodies specific for σ-1R (15168-I-AP; Proteintech Group), Src (2108; Cell Signaling), p-PDGFR-β (3161; Cell Signaling), NG2 antibodies (ab129051; Abcam), TBX18 (ab115262; Abcam), αSM (A5228; Sigma-Aldrich), and histone H3 (9715; Cell Signaling) at 1:1,000 dilution; NF-κB (ab16502; Abcam) at 1:2,000 dilution; ganglioside GM1 (bs-2367R; One World Lab) at 1:500 dilution; and p-Src (ab32078; Abcam), PDGFR-β (ab32570; Abcam), Desmin (ab32362; Abcam), and β-actin (A5316; Sigma-Aldrich) at 1:5,000 dilution. Secondary antibodies were alkaline phosphatase conjugated to goat anti-mouse/rabbit IgG, or rabbit anti-goat IgG (1:10,000; Jackson ImmunoResearch Labs). Signals were detected by SuperSignal West Dura Extended Duration or Pico PLUS Chemiluminescent Substrate (Thermo Fisher Scientific). All experiments had at least four biological replicates, and representative blots are presented in the figures.
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2

Western Blot Analysis of Cellular Proteins

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Brain tissues and treated cells were lysed using the Mammalian Cell Lysis kit (Sigma-Aldrich), as described previously (Liao et al., 2020 (link)). Proteins in equal amounts were electrophoresed in an SDS-polyacrylamide gel under reducing conditions followed by transfer to PVDF membranes. Blots were blocked with 3% BSA in TBS-Tween for 1h, followed by an incubation of antibodies specific hnRNP A2/B1 (1:1000; sc-53531; Santa Cruz), PTEN (1:1000; ab32199; Abcam), p-Akt (1:1000; 9271S; Cell Signaling), Akt (1:1000; 9272S; Cell Signaling), GAPDH (1: 5000, #5174; Cell Signaling) and β-actin (1:5,000; A5316; Sigma-Aldrich). Secondary antibodies were alkaline phosphatase-conjugated to goat anti-mouse/rabbit IgG (1:10,000; Jackson ImmunoResearch Labs). Signals were detected by SuperSignal West Dura Extended Duration or Pico PLUS Chemiluminescent Substrate (Thermo Fisher Scientific). All experiments had at least four biological replicates, and representative blots are presented in the figures.
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3

Western Blot Analysis of Cochlear Proteins

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Protein samples (30 μg) from mouse cochlear homogenates were separated by SDS-PAGE. After electrophoresis, the proteins were transferred onto a PVDF membrane (Bio-rad, #1620177) and blocked with 5% albumin from bovine serum (Sigma Aldrich, #A7906) in PBS-0.1% Tween-20 (PBS-T) (Sigma Aldrich, #P1379). The membranes were incubated with anti-CaMKKβ (1:1,000, Invitrogen, #PA5–30399), anti-p-CaMKI (T177) (1:1,000, Invitrogen, #PA5–38434), or anti-GAPDH (1:5,000, Millipore, #ABS16) at 4 °C overnight, and then washed three times (10 minutes each) with PBS-T buffer. Membranes were incubated with an appropriate secondary antibody (Cell signaling technology, #7074 or #7076) at a concentration of 1:3,000 for 1 h at RT. Following extensive washing of the membrane, the immunoreactive bands were visualized by SuperSignal West Dura Extended Duration (Thermo Scientific, #34075).
Western blot bands were scanned by LI-COR Odyssey Fc imaging system and analyzed using Image J software. First, the background staining density for each band was subtracted from the band density. Next, the probing protein/GAPDH ratio was calculated from the band densities run on the same gel to normalize for differences in protein loading. Finally, the difference in the ratio of the control and experimental bands was tested for statistical significance.
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4

Western Blot Analysis of EVs

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Brain tissues, treated cells or EVs were lysed using the Mammalian Cell Lysis kit (Sigma‐Aldrich), as described previously (Liao et al., 2016). Equal amounts of the proteins were electrophoresed in an SDS‐polyacrylamide gel under reducing conditions followed by transfering to PVDF membranes. Blots were blocked with 5% BSA in TBS‐Tween 20. The western blots were then probed with antibodies specific for Iba‐1 (1:1000; 019–19741; Wako), Tsg101 (1:1,000; ab125011; Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), Alix (1:1,000, ab117600; Abcam), CD63 (1:1,000; ab216130; Abcam), Flotillin (1:200, Cell Signaling Technology), Calnexin (1:1500; C7617; Sigma‐Aldrich), NF‐κB p65 (1:2,000; ab16502; Abcam), Histone H3 (1:1,000; 9715S; Cell Signaling Technology) and β‐actin (1:5,000; A5316; Sigma‐Aldrich). Secondary antibodies were alkaline phosphatase conjugated to goat anti‐mouse/rabbit IgG (1:10,000; Jackson ImmunoResearch Labs). Signals were detected by SuperSignal West Dura Extended Duration or Pico PLUS Chemiluminescent Substrate (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA). All experiments had at least four biological replicates, and representative blots are presented in the figures.
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5

Immunoblot Analysis of Signaling Pathways

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Treated cells were lysed in RIPA Buffer supplemented with a protease inhibitor cocktail (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and phosphatase inhibitor cocktail (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Equal amounts of protein were electrophoresed on a sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel under reducing conditions followed by transfer to PVDF membranes. Blots were blocked with 5% BSA in TBST and western blots were probed with antibodies specific for CXCR3 (Abcam, ab154845, 1:1000), TLR4 (Novus, NB100-56566, 1:500, Centennial, CO, United States), pTBK1 (Cell Signaling, #5483, 1:1000, Danvers, MA, United States), TBK1 (Abcam, 1:1000), p-IRF3 (Cell Signaling, #4947S, 1:1000), IRF3 (Santa Cruz, sc-33641, 1:500), Histone H3 (Cell Signaling, #9715, 1:1000), Lamin B (Santa Cruz, sc-374015, 1:500), β-actin (Sigma-Aldrich, A5316, 1:5000). Secondary antibodies used were alkaline phosphatase conjugated to goat anti-mouse/rabbit IgG, or rabbit anti-Goat IgG (Jackson ImmunoResearch Labs, 1:10000). Signals were detected by SuperSignal West Dura Extended Duration or Pico PLUS Chemiluminescent Substrate (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Restore PLUS Western Blot Stripping Buffer was used to strip the membrane between two different target protein detection. All experiments had three or four biological replicates with representative blots presented in the figures.
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6

Protein Extraction and Western Blot Analysis

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Cells were lysed in a cell lysis buffer (20 mmol/L Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 1% Triton X-102, 0.1% SDS, 150 mmol/L NaCl, 1 mmol/L EDTA, 50 μg/mL Aprotinin and 80 μg/mL PMSF). The cell lysate was subjected to SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis), followed by electroblotting onto polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes. After blocking with 5% skim milk in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for 1 h, membranes were probed with specific a mouse monoclonal anti-FLAG (M2; 1:1000; Sigma, St. Louis, MO), a rabbit monoclonal anti-galectin-7 (EPR4287; 1:1000; LifeSpan Biosciences, Inc.), a rabbit polyclonal anti-caspase-3 (#9662; 1:1000; Cell Signaling Technology, Inc., MA), and a rabbit monoclonal anti-beta-actin (#8457(D6A8); 1:1000; Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.) antibodies. Immunoreactive signals were visualized by SuperSignal® west dura extended duration (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA), using Light-capture® (ATTO, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo, Japan).
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7

Mouse Brain Protein Extraction and Analysis

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Protein was extracted from homogenised adult mouse brain (~100 mg brain; 350 μl RIPA buffer containing protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche Diagnostics, Indiana, US)) by centrifugation. Protein yield was determined by Bradford assay (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, US; bovine serum albumin (BSA) standard). Protein (80 μg) was subjected to gel electrophoresis utilising Criterion XT 1.0 mm gels (Bio-Rad) and transferred to nitrocellulose membrane (Hybond-C Extra 0.45 μm; Amersham Biosciences, Rydalmere, Aus). Membranes blocked in 3% BSA-TBS/T (Tris buffered saline (TBS)/0.1% Tween-20 (T)) overnight (4 °C) were probed for SGTA using ‘full length SGTA’ (ProteinTech), ‘C-terminal SGTA’ (Aviva BioSciences, San Diego, US) or ‘N-terminal SGTA’ (Santa Cruz) antibodies diluted at 1:1,000 (full, C-terminal) or 1:500 (N-terminal) in 1% BSA-TBS/T (60 min, room temperature). Immunoreactivity was detected using polyclonal goat anti-rabbit (1:1,000) or rabbit anti-mouse IgG/HRP (1:500) antibodies (Dako) followed by chemiluminescent visualisation (Super Signal West Dura Extended Duration, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Scoresby, Aus) and ChemiDoc MP imaging (Bio-Rad). Reference proteins used were actin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-1616, 1:2,000) or Histone H-3 (Abcam, ab7766, 1:500).
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