Mott-Schottky analysis was carried out to determine the flat-band potential of Mg2TiO4 and Mg2TiO4−xNy. Electrodes were fabricated by depositing Mg2TiO4 and Mg2TiO4−xNy powders onto fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) glass. This was done by electrophoretic deposition method: in brief, 30 mg sample powders and 10 mg iodine were ultrasonically dispersed into 50 mL acetone. Two pieces of FTO glass connected to a potentiostatic control (Keithley 2450 Source Meter, USA) were inserted into above suspension. A constant bias ~10 V was applied between FTO glasses for 3 min. FTO glass at the anode side was quickly deposited with sample powders and was used as the electrode. The electrode was further calcined at 673 K for 1 h in order to remove adsorbed iodine. MS analysis was conducted based on three-electrode configuration, in which sample electrode, Pt foil and Ag/AgCl electrode were used as working, counter and reference electrode, respectively. An aqueous solution of K3PO4/K2HPO4 (0.1 M, pH = 12.66) was used as the electrolyte. Zahner electrochemical workstation was used for impedance measurement. Impedance spectra were collected at fixed frequency of 500 Hz from −0.7 V to 0.6 V vs NHE. Capacitance was extracted from impedance spectra.
Electrochemical workstation
Manufactured by Zahner
Sourced in Germany, United States
The Electrochemical Workstation is a laboratory instrument used to conduct electrochemical analysis and measurements. It provides the necessary equipment and functionality to perform a variety of electrochemical experiments and characterizations.
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18 protocols using electrochemical workstation
1
Mott-Schottky Analysis of Mg2TiO4 and Mg2TiO4-xNy
2
Fabrication and Electrochemical Evaluation of Cathode Slurry for Lithium-Ion Batteries
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Cathode slurry was fabricated by mixing the active materials, acetylene black and carboxymethylcellulose sodium (CMC) with a mass ratio of 6 : 3 : 1 in styrene butadiene rubber (Sbr) aqueous solution. The slurry was uniformly coated on a titanium foil and dried at 70 °C in a vacuum oven overnight. Subsequently, the as-prepared electrode was punched and pressed, and the mass loading of active materials is about 1.5 mg cm−2. The CR2032 coin cells were assembled in the argon-filled glove box with H2O and O2 contents of both <1 ppm. Li foil was used as anode, Celgard-2325 PP membranes as separator, and 1 M LiTFSI in 1,3-ioxolane (DOL) and dimethoxyethane (DME) (v/v = 1 : 1) containing 1 wt% of LiNO3 as electrolyte. The galvanostatic discharge/charge tests were carried out at room temperature within the potential range of 1.3–3.2 V by LAND-CT2001A battery test system. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements were performed on a Zahner electrochemical workstation at various scan rates. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was tested on a CHI660 electrochemical workstation (0.1 Hz to 100 kHz; applied voltage 10 mV). The galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) was carried out by LAND-CT2001A battery test system.
3
Comprehensive Characterization of WS2 Films
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Optical images were recorded by an optical microscope equipped with a CCD camera (Lecia, DM1750M). The morphology of the WS2 film before and after laser treatment was characterized by scanning electron microscope (JEOL, JSM-6490). Field-emission transmission electron microscope (JEOL, JEM-2100F) were used to observe the nanoscale morphology and crystal structure of thin solid film samples before and after laser treatment. The surface topography and roughness of the thin films were examined under an atomic force microscope (Bruker, Nanoscope Multimode 8), and the crystalline compositions and heterojunction locations of the samples were evaluated via Raman spectroscopy (Horiba Jobin Yvon, HR800) with an excitation laser source of 488 nm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (Thermo Scientific, ESCALAB 250Xi) was carried out with a monochromatic Al Kα source to investigate the chemical states of the thin film samples. Mott-Schottcky analysis was conducted using an electrochemical workstation (Zahner, Zennium) with a frequency of 1kHz in dark condition. The structural analysis and phase change of sample was examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD, Rigaku SmartLab) using Cu Kα radiation.
4
Surface Characterization of MEF
5
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy of Perovskite and Polymer Films
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Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were performed on Zahner Electrochemical Workstation with an active area of 0.2 cm2 under the xenon white light source of intensity 400 W m−2 at different external applied bias of 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 V applying the ac amplitude of 20 mV in the frequency range of 100 mHz to 1 MHz. The cell set-up consists of modified photoelectrochemical cell (PECC) to hold the liquid electrolyte in two electrode system with perovskite or polymer coated ITO substrates as working electrode and platinum wire as counter electrode. The liquid electrolyte used is 0.1 M solution of tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (TBAClO4) in dichloromethane (DCM) for perovskite films as working electrode. The perovskite films are stable in this liquid electrolyte23 (link),39 (link),78 (link),79 (link). For polymer films as working electrode, 0.1 M aqueous solution of KCl was used as liquid electrolyte. The EIS data were analysed using zView software. All the measurements were carried out in the ambient air atmosphere.
6
Comprehensive Characterization of Perovskite Films
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Morphological investigation was done with a scanning electron microscope (Hitachi S-4800, Tokyo, Japan) and an atomic force microscope (Aglient Keysight AFM-5500, Santa Clara, CA, USA). Using an X-ray diffractometer (Bruker D8 Advance, Cu-Kα radiation of λ = 0.15406 nm), the crystallinity of the perovskite was investigated. The absorption spectrum was measured using a UV–Vis spectrophotometer (UV-2600). Using Edinburg PLS 980, the steady PL spectra of the produced perovskite films were examined. The TRPL decay of the perovskite films was measured using a transient-state spectrophotometer (Edinburg Ins. F900, Edinburg, UK) under a 485 nm laser. Under AM 1.5 G illumination with a power intensity of 100 mW cm−2, the J–V characteristic curves were measured with a source meter (Keithley 2400, Cleveland, OH, USA) using forward (−0.1 to 1.2 V) or reverse (1.2 to −0.1 V) scans from a solar simulator (XES-301S + EL-100). The delay duration was set to 10 ms, and the step voltage was set to 12 mV. The EQE was calculated using the QE-R system (Enli Tech., Atlanta GA, USA). The EIS measurement was carried out using an electrochemical workstation (Zahner Zennium, Kansas City, MI, USA).
7
Photoelectrochemical Performance of CdS/BTO Nanowires
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The PEC performance of the CdS/BTO NWs were characterized by an electrochemical workstation (Zahner Zennium) equipped with a 500 W xenon lamp (AM 1.5 G, 100 mW cm−2). Three-electrodes system was applied during the experiment: the sample to be tested was used as the working electrode, while the Pt and Hg/HgO electrodes were employed as the counter and reference electrodes, respectively. The electrolyte was a mixed solution of 0.2 M Na2SO3 and 0.1 M Na2S. All the linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) curves were tested with a scan rate of 10 mV s−1. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests were performed under the above light source condition, with an amplitude of 10 mV and a frequency from 0.1 Hz to 100 kHz. The degradation experiments were carried out under the radiation of 500 W xenon lamp equipped with a 420 nm filter using an exposed area of 1.5 cm2 in a solution which was composed of 10 mL 0.02 g L−1 methyl orange (MO) and 30 mL preceding electrolyte. The variation of MO concentration was measured by UV-vis spectrophotometer. Polarization experiment was conducted on the CdS/BTO NWs electrode under light illumination, while the polarization voltage was ±3 V and the light source was 500 W xenon lamp (AM 1.5 G, 100 mW cm−2).
8
Accelerated Corrosion Evaluation of Coated Steel
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The specimens cured for a certain period were subjected to an accelerated corrosion test. A dry-wet cycle of the accelerated corrosion was carried out by drying at 40 °C for 12 h in an oven and then immersing in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution for 12 h. The corrosion current density was measured using an electrochemical workstation (Zahner, Krona, Germany) after each dry-wet cycle before first 7 cycles and then every two cycles. Electrochemical measurements were performed using the typical three-electrode system, which including a saturated calomel electrode as a reference electrode, a platinum sheet (25 × 25 × 0.2 mm3) as a counter electrode and the specimens as working electrodes. After 16 cycles of accelerated corrosion test, the surface state of steel base was observed after removing the coating.
9
Electroconductive Hydrogel Characterization
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To characterize the electrical properties of the electroconductive hydrogels, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were performed. The 100 μL precursor gel solution was rotated onto conductive glass (ITO) and placed in an incubator at 37 °C for 48 h. A three-electrode system consisting of a working electrode (hydrogel around the surface of ITO), reference electrode (a saturated calomel electrode), and counter electrode (a platinum electrode) was applied to the CV test. The working electrode (hydrogel around the surface of ITO) was immersed into the electrolyte solution (1X PBS, pH 7.4), and the potential applied was between −0.5 and 1 V at a sweep rate of 10 mV/s. EIS at frequencies from 0.01 Hz to 100 kHz and an amplitude of 5 mV (Electrochemical Workstation, ZAHNER, Germany) was performed using the same three-electrode system.
10
Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Fabrication
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After treatment, the
square TiO2 electrodes were then immersed into a 300 μM
solution of thePTZ-3 and PTZ-5 dyes in
a mixture of CHCl3 and EtOH (3:7, v/v) for 12 h. The seal
uses a 45 mm thick Bynel (DuPont) hot melt gasket to fill the electrolyte
into the interior space through a vacuum backfill system. The osmotic
electrolyte consisted of 0.6 M dimethylpropylimidazolium iodide, 0.05
M I2, 0.1 M LiI, and 0.5 M tert-butylpyridine
in acetonitrile. The detailed processes of device fabrication were
very similar to that in the previous articles.43 (link) Under standard AM 1.5 simulated solar irradiation (WXS155S-10),
photocurrent density–voltage (J–V)
curves of the solar cell devices were measured by Keithley 2400 Source
Meter Instruments. Monochromatic incident photon-to-current conversion
efficiency (IPCE) spectra measurement were recorded by a Newport-74125
system (Newport Instruments). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
(EIS) was measured with a two-electrode system in the dark by Electrochemical
Workstation (Zahner IM6e).
square TiO2 electrodes were then immersed into a 300 μM
solution of the
a mixture of CHCl3 and EtOH (3:7, v/v) for 12 h. The seal
uses a 45 mm thick Bynel (DuPont) hot melt gasket to fill the electrolyte
into the interior space through a vacuum backfill system. The osmotic
electrolyte consisted of 0.6 M dimethylpropylimidazolium iodide, 0.05
M I2, 0.1 M LiI, and 0.5 M tert-butylpyridine
in acetonitrile. The detailed processes of device fabrication were
very similar to that in the previous articles.43 (link) Under standard AM 1.5 simulated solar irradiation (WXS155S-10),
photocurrent density–voltage (J–V)
curves of the solar cell devices were measured by Keithley 2400 Source
Meter Instruments. Monochromatic incident photon-to-current conversion
efficiency (IPCE) spectra measurement were recorded by a Newport-74125
system (Newport Instruments). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
(EIS) was measured with a two-electrode system in the dark by Electrochemical
Workstation (Zahner IM6e).
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