2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhidrazyl hydrate (DPPH), methanol, ascorbic acid, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), potassium persulfate, xanthine, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), xanthine oxidase (XO), allopurinol2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine (TPTZ), sodium acetate, glacial acetic acid, dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl), concentrated HCl, anhydrous iron (III) chloride (FeCl3·6H2O), trolox, sodium carbonate, Folin-Ciocalteau reagent, gallic acid, hydrogen peroxide, iron chloride, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), ascorbic acid, 2 deoxy-d -ribose, phosphate buffer, sodium phosphate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, trichloroacetic acid, thiobarbituric acid, sodium nitroprusside, Griess Reagent, AAPH (2,2′-Azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride), and fluorescein were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, USA).
2 2 azobis 2 amidinopropane dihydrochloride aaph
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, Italy
2,2′-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) is a water-soluble azo compound used as a free radical initiator in various laboratory applications. It functions by generating peroxyl radicals upon thermal decomposition, which can be utilized for various research and analytical purposes.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Gallic acid, by Merck Group (12 mentions)
Trolox, by Merck Group (9 mentions)
Ascorbic acid, by Merck Group (7 mentions)
2 2 diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl (dpph), by Merck Group (7 mentions)
Folin ciocalteu reagent, by Merck Group (7 mentions)
Quercetin, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Caffeic acid, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Methanol, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Rutin, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
6 hydroxy 2 5 7 8 tetramethylchroman 2 carboxylic acid trolox, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Ferulic acid, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Acetone, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Trichloroacetic acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Pepsin, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
P coumaric acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Fetal bovine serum (fbs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions)
Acetic acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Formic acid, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions)
2 2 azino bis 3 ethylbenzothiazoline 6 sulphonic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
52 protocols using 2 2 azobis 2 amidinopropane dihydrochloride aaph
1
Comprehensive Antioxidant and Oxidative Stress Assays
2
Antioxidant Capacity Measurement Methods
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For ORAC measurements,
Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid), AAPH
(2,2 azobis(2-amidinopropane)dihydrochloride), fluorescein, and KH2PO4 and for FRAP measurements, CH3COONa,
CH3COOH, TPTZ (2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine),
FeSO4·7H2O, and FeCl3·6H2O were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).
Gallic acid, epicatechin, epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin
gallate, and caffeine were also obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Other
utilized chemicals, tert-butylhydroquinone, dimethylformamide
(DMF), methanol, and acetone, were also obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. N,O-Bis(trimethylsilyl)-trifluoroacetamide
(BSTFA) with 1% trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS) was obtained from UCT
(Bristol, PA, USA). Water (18.2 mΩ/cm) was obtained from a Barnsted
Nanopure unit (Thermo Scientific Rockford, IL, USA). For the filtration
of plant extracts, 0.45 μm PVDF filters were used (Whatman Autovial,
GE Healthcare, Little Chalfort, UK). The vials utilized were 2 mL
of GC vials and 4 mL of vials with screw top caps with septa.
Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid), AAPH
(2,2 azobis(2-amidinopropane)dihydrochloride), fluorescein, and KH2PO4 and for FRAP measurements, CH3COONa,
CH3COOH, TPTZ (2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine),
FeSO4·7H2O, and FeCl3·6H2O were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).
Gallic acid, epicatechin, epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin
gallate, and caffeine were also obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Other
utilized chemicals, tert-butylhydroquinone, dimethylformamide
(DMF), methanol, and acetone, were also obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. N,O-Bis(trimethylsilyl)-trifluoroacetamide
(BSTFA) with 1% trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS) was obtained from UCT
(Bristol, PA, USA). Water (18.2 mΩ/cm) was obtained from a Barnsted
Nanopure unit (Thermo Scientific Rockford, IL, USA). For the filtration
of plant extracts, 0.45 μm PVDF filters were used (Whatman Autovial,
GE Healthcare, Little Chalfort, UK). The vials utilized were 2 mL
of GC vials and 4 mL of vials with screw top caps with septa.
3
Enzymatic Digestion and Antioxidant Assessment
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Pepsin (800–1000 U/mg protein), pancreatin (4 × USP), α-amylase, angiotensin-I converting enzyme (peptidyl-di-peptidase A, EC 3.4.15.1, 5.1 U/mg), bile salts, Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-chroman-2-carboxylic acid), and AAPH [2,2′-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride] were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) and used without further purification. Fluorescein [3′,6′-dihydroxyspiro (isobenzofuran-1 [3H], 9′ [9H]-xanthen)-3-one] was purchased from Fisher Scientific (Hanover Park, IL USA). The tripeptide Abz-Gly-Phe(NO2)-Pro was obtained from Bachem Feinchemikalien (Bubendorf, Switzerland). Tris [tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane] was obtained from Honeywell Fluka (Charlotte, NC, USA). The peptides SWMHQPP, HQPPQPL, MHQPPQPL, QSLVYPFTGPIPNSL, and YPYQGPIVL were purchased from GenScript Biotech (Leiden, The Netherlands).
4
Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Chicken Bones
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Chicken bones (Carcasa) were purchased from a local market (Supermarkets EURO). The enzyme used was ALCALASE 2.4L® (Novozymes, Denmark), which contains subtilisin from Bacillus licheniformis. Its optimal temperature is between 55 °C and 70 °C, depending on the substrate, and the optimal pH is between 6.5 and 8.5 [31] .
All reagents were of analytical grade and commercially available. Bovine serum albumin, fluorescein sodium, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazolin)-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), and AAPH (2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA, and the phosphate buffer solution was prepared with reagents from MERCK®, Germany.
All reagents were of analytical grade and commercially available. Bovine serum albumin, fluorescein sodium, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazolin)-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), and AAPH (2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA, and the phosphate buffer solution was prepared with reagents from MERCK®, Germany.
5
Analytical Reagents for Research Protocols
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Chemical substances of analytical reagent grade were provided from the sources given below: Neocuproine (2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Nc)), AAPH (2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride), absolute ethanol, acetone, dichloromethane (DCM) and hexane: Sigma (Steinheim, Germany); L-ascorbic acid: Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany); copper(II) chloride dihydrate, hydrogen peroxide (35 wt%), potassium mono-and di-hydrogen phosphate, disodium terephthalate, potassium persulphate: Merck (Darmstadt, Germany); ammonium acetate, iron(III) chloride: Riedel-de Haen (Steinheim, Germany); ethylenediamine tetraaceticacid disodium salt (Na2-EDTA), fluorescein (FL), 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6sulfonic acid (ABTS) diammonium salt, trolox (TR), β-carotene, methyl β-cyclodextrin, 2-hydroxyethyl-β-cyclodextrin and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin: Fluka (Buchs, Switzerland).
6
Extraction and Analysis of Flaxseed Bioactives
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The seeds of Polish high-α-linoleate Oliwin flax variety (IHAR, Poland) were selected as a research material. Defatted flaxseed meal was prepared by cold extraction with hexane according to Waszkowiak and Rudzin ´ska [19] and utilised for binary solvent extraction.
All solvents and reagents were of analytical (ACS) or HPLC grade. DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl), Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid), AAPH (2,2′-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Germany). Fluorescein sodium salt was purchased from Fluka (USA). Standards of lignans and phenolic acids (caffeic, p-coumaric and ferulic) were purchased from PhytoLab (Germany) and Sigma-Aldrich, respectively.
All solvents and reagents were of analytical (ACS) or HPLC grade. DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl), Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid), AAPH (2,2′-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Germany). Fluorescein sodium salt was purchased from Fluka (USA). Standards of lignans and phenolic acids (caffeic, p-coumaric and ferulic) were purchased from PhytoLab (Germany) and Sigma-Aldrich, respectively.
7
Antioxidant Assays of Natural Extracts
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Agarose, Au(III) chloride trihydrate (HAuCl4·3H2O), gallic acid, luminol, sucrose, fluorescein sodium salt, 2,2′-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH), and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). All other chemicals were of the highest analytical grade.
Teas, herbal infusions, and aloe antioxidant drink (containing 30% of Aloe vera juice and pulp) are commercially available products and were purchased from a local store. Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) samples and EVOO waste product extracts (oleuropein-enriched extracts from olive tree leaves and hydroxytyrosol-enriched extracts from olive mill wastewaters) were obtained from Italian manufacturing companies participating in the VIOLIN (Valorization of Italian OLive products through INnovative analytical tools) research project funded by Cariplo Foundation within the “Agroalimentare e Ricerca” (AGER) program.
Teas, herbal infusions, and aloe antioxidant drink (containing 30% of Aloe vera juice and pulp) are commercially available products and were purchased from a local store. Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) samples and EVOO waste product extracts (oleuropein-enriched extracts from olive tree leaves and hydroxytyrosol-enriched extracts from olive mill wastewaters) were obtained from Italian manufacturing companies participating in the VIOLIN (Valorization of Italian OLive products through INnovative analytical tools) research project funded by Cariplo Foundation within the “Agroalimentare e Ricerca” (AGER) program.
8
Antioxidant Assays Using MTT, DCFH-DA, EGCG, and AAPH
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3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), 2’, 7’- dichlorodihydrofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and 2,2’- azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin-streptomycin solution and 0.05% trypsin-0.53mM EDTA were purchased from Grand Island Biological Company (Grand Island, NY, USA). Other chemicals used were of standard analytical grade.
9
Oxidative Stress-Induced Cellular Senescence
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The human diploid fibroblast strain IMR-90 was obtained from ATCC. Cells were grown in minimum essential medium (MEM) (Gibco, UK) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Gibco) at 37°C in 5% CO2. After confluence had been reached, the cells were seeded into 6-well culture plates. One day later, cells were treated for 48 h with 1 mM 2,2′-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) (Sigma, USA) diluted in MEM + 10% FBS. A 48 h incubation with free radical initiator AAPH establishes a model of oxidative stress-induced cellular senescence [12 (link), 13 (link)]. Controls cells were incubated in culture medium alone. After AAPH treatment, IMR-90 were washed with cold phosphate buffer saline (PBS) pH 7.4 and incubated with fresh culture medium or culture medium containing resveratrol (resveratrol group) or MEM supplemented with 3% FBS (CR group) for an additional 48 h before harvest.
10
Evaluating Panax Ginseng Bioactivities
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Compositional and/or functional properties of natural products are affected by various factors including climate. Therefore, in the current study, cultivated wild Panax ginseng (CWPG) grown for 36 months in Pyeongchang, Korea was purchased from Woori Do (Pyeongchang, Korea). The CWPG was rinsed three times with running water to remove soil from the surface, and the surface was dried after the final rinsing with distilled water and stored in a −20 °C freezer.
Ethanol was purchased from Ethanol Supplies World Co. (Jeonju-si, Korea). Diethyl ether and n-butanol were purchased from Daejung Chemicals & Metals Co. (Siheung-si, Korea). Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azobis-(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH), 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphnic acid (ABTS), and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Other reagents used were of analytical grade.
Ethanol was purchased from Ethanol Supplies World Co. (Jeonju-si, Korea). Diethyl ether and n-butanol were purchased from Daejung Chemicals & Metals Co. (Siheung-si, Korea). Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azobis-(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH), 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphnic acid (ABTS), and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Other reagents used were of analytical grade.
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