Sodium arsenite solution

The separation and identification of the As species present in fresh plant extracts was performed using HPLC-ICP-MS. An IonPac^®AS7 anion exchange column (Dionex, Sunnyvale, USA) was used for the separation of As species on a 1100 Series HPLC system (Agilent Technologies) coupled to VG PQ EXCELL ICP/MS (Thermo Elemental). A gradient of 0.04 mM HNO₃ and 50 mM HNO_3, (0–5 min, 0%; 5–5.2 min, 0–10%; 5.2–11 min, 10%; 11–11.2 min, 10–100%; 11.2–13 min, 100%; 13–13.2, 100–0.0%; 13.2–18 min, 0.0% of 50 mM HNO₃) was used to elute various inorganic and methylated As species. NIST 1568a rice flour was analyzed for analytical quality Control (total sum of species 279 ± 3 μg kg⁻¹ with 32% iAs and 64% methylated As). Standards of arsenite (sodium arsenite solution, 0.05 M, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), arsenate (Arsenic standard 1000 mg As L⁻¹ [As₂O₅ in water] Titrisol, Merck), dimethylarsinic acid (cacodylic acid, Alfa Aesar, Karlsruhe, Germany) and methylarsonic acid (Luxembourg Industries (PAMOL) Ltd. Tel-Aviv (Israel)) were used for the identification of As species in plant extracts. For identification of MA^III, it was synthesized by the method of Cullen et al.53 and identified through HPLC-(ICP-MS)/(ESI-Q-TOF-MS) as described in the supplementary information (Supplementary method & Supplementary Fig. S2).

PTE, green tea extract (GTE), and black tea extract (BTE) were kindly supplied by the China Academy of Pu-Erh Tea Research [21 (link), 22 (link)]. These extracts were dissolved in distilled water and adjusted to pH 7.4 with 1 M NaOH. Ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl), a lysosomal inhibitor, was purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Osaka, Japan). Lactacystin (Calbiochem, Bad Soden, Germany) was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Sodium arsenite solution was purchased from EMD Millipore (Darmstadt, Germany). Anti-FUS/TLS, anti-LDLR (low density lipoprotein receptor), anti-TDP-43, anti-V5, anti-β-actin, and horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA), Abnova (Taipei City, Taiwan), Cell Signaling Technology (Beverley, MA), Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA), Sigma (St. Louis, MO), and Thermo Scientific (Waltham, MA), respectively. Anti-EWS and anti-TAF15 were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverley, MA). The SOD1 antibody was a kind gift from Dr. Noriko Fujiwara.

Sodium arsenite solution was purchased from Merck. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Anti-human CD68 antibody conjugated with phycoerythrin (PE), CD163 antibody conjugated with FITC and anti-mouse CD206 antibody conjugated with PE were from Biolegend. Anti-human CD206 antibody conjugated with FITC was from BD Biosciences. SOD1 DNA plasmids (NM_001752 and NM_000454) were purchased from Origene. Antibodies against LC-3II (Medical and Biological Laboratories), p62 (Sigma Aldrich), Arg-1 (Santa Cruz) and iNOS (Millipore) were used.