CDC bottle assays were performed following the guidelines of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [39 ]. Analytical standard lambda-cyhalothrin, deltamethrin, permethrin, pirimiphos-methyl, 4,4°-DDT and bendiocarb (Pestanal Analytical standard, Sigma-Aldrich) were dissolved in pure acetone to diagnostic concentrations (Table 1 ). All bottles (treatment and controls) were coated with insecticides on the same day of each test. To assess insecticide susceptibility levels, up to 25 two-to-six day old non-blood-fed female mosquitoes were introduced into each bottle, with four insecticide-coated and one control bottle in total (tests with Ae. albopictus from Figueras and Llorenç del Penedes contained half the numbers).
Lambda cyhalothrin
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, France, Czechia, Germany
Lambda-cyhalothrin is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide used for pest control. It is a white crystalline solid that is odorless. Lambda-cyhalothrin acts as a neurotoxin, disrupting the normal functioning of the nervous system in target insects.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Deltamethrin, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Fetal bovine serum (fbs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions)
Permethrin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Cypermethrin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Esfenvalerate, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Bendiocarb, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Pirimiphos methyl, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
4 4 ddt, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Thiamethoxam, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Imidacloprid, by Bayer (1 mentions)
Imidacloprid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Alpha cypermethrin, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Iprodione, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Gentamycin sulfate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Puromycin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Methyl methanesulfonate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Cyprodinil, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Hydromycin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Procymidone, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
7 protocols using lambda cyhalothrin
1
CDC Insecticide Susceptibility Assays
2
Insecticide Susceptibility of Soybean Stink Bug
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The technical insecticides used to evaluate the susceptibility of E. heros populations by traditional tarsal contact and topical application methods were as follows: lambda-cyhalothrin (≥95% a.i.; Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA), which is a modulator of sodium channels (IRAC MoA 3A pyrethroid group); thiamethoxam (≥98% a.i.; Sigma-Aldrich; Saint Louis, MO, USA) and imidacloprid (≥98% a.i.; Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA), which are competitive modulators of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (IRAC MoA 4A neonicotinoid group).
Three commercial insecticides were used to evaluate the susceptibility of E. heros populations by the ingestion method: lambda-cyhalothrin (IRAC MoA 3A pyrethroid group; Karate Zeon 50 CS; 50 g a.i./L in 200 L/ha spray volume; Syngenta Protecção de Cultivos Ltd.a, São Paulo, Brazil), thiamethoxam (IRAC MoA 4A neonicotinoid group; Actara 250 WG; 250 g a.i./L in 200 L/ha spray volume; Syngenta Protecção de Cultivos Ltd.a, São Paulo, Brazil), and imidacloprid (IRAC MoA 4A neonicotinoid group; Evidence 700 WG; 700 g a.i./kg in 200 L/ha spray volume; Bayer, São Paulo, Brazil).
Three commercial insecticides were used to evaluate the susceptibility of E. heros populations by the ingestion method: lambda-cyhalothrin (IRAC MoA 3A pyrethroid group; Karate Zeon 50 CS; 50 g a.i./L in 200 L/ha spray volume; Syngenta Protecção de Cultivos Ltd.a, São Paulo, Brazil), thiamethoxam (IRAC MoA 4A neonicotinoid group; Actara 250 WG; 250 g a.i./L in 200 L/ha spray volume; Syngenta Protecção de Cultivos Ltd.a, São Paulo, Brazil), and imidacloprid (IRAC MoA 4A neonicotinoid group; Evidence 700 WG; 700 g a.i./kg in 200 L/ha spray volume; Bayer, São Paulo, Brazil).
3
Safety Evaluation of LCL Ophthalmic Suspensions
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Based on the information from our in-vitro studies, we assessed the safety of eye drops containing a range of LCL concentrations up to a maximum of 0.07% LCL. A 0.1% solution of Lambda-Cyhalothrin (LCL; Sigma) was first prepared by solubilization of LCL in sterile dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; Sigma) at 250 mg/ml. Sterile filtered propylene glycol (PG; SigmaR) was then added to the solution to a final concentration of 60.0%. Subsequent 1:100 dilution with sterile balanced salt solution (BSS; AlconR) resulted in a formulation containing 0.1% LCL, 0.4% DMSO, and 0.6% PG in BSS. The LCL ophthalmic suspension was transferred to sterile 5-ml dispensers with controlled dispensing-tips. Further dilutions to achieve concentrations of 0.002%, 0.02%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, and 0.1% LCL were made using a diluent of the sterile vehicle 0.4% DMSO and 0.6% PG in BSS. The desired composition was DMSO 4.0%, PG 3.0%, and LC 10 mg/ml (1% by weight), based upon the total composition. A maximum concentration of 1.0% (by weight) LC was prepared. The LCL ophthalmic suspension was transferred to sterile 5-ml dispensers with controlled dispensing-tips. Dilutions to achieve 0.002%, 0.02%, 0.04%, 0.06%, and 0.07% LCL were made using sterile vehicle (0.4% DMSO + 0.6% PG in BSS).
4
Deltamethrin and Synergist Extraction
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All Falcon tubes with mosquito bodies previously stored at −20 °C were frozen in liquid nitrogen for 20 seconds and finely ground glass was added to the contents. 100 µl of a mixture of alpha cypermethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin solutions (internal standards, Sigma-Aldrich) and 900 µl of a 90/10 isooctane/toluene mixture were added (Sigma Aldrich). The mosquito bodies were submitted to extraction by oscillo-vibration (25 movements per second) for 10 minutes. They were then frozen again in liquid nitrogen for 10 seconds, after which further extraction was performed by oscillo-vibration (25 movements per second) for 10 minutes. The extract was filtered with a 0.2 μm nylon filter before the deltamethrin, PBO and DP analyses (Supplementary Information).
5
HNE Impact on Cellular Metabolism and DNA Damage
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The 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) was provided by Clinisciences (Nanterre, France). Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) provided by ThermoFisher (Eindhoven, Netherlands). Puromycin, hydromycin and zeocin were provided by Fisher Scientific(Hampton, NH, USA). Epidermal growth factor (EGF), hydrocortisone, insulin, transferrin, sodium selenite (5 nM) and gentamycin sulfate (5 µg/mL), DMSO (dimethylsulfoxyde), procymidone, iprodione, cyprodinil, fludioxonil, lambda-cyhalothrin, methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), Trifluoromethoxy carbonylcyanide phenylhydrazone (FCCP), rotenone, oligomycin and etoposide were provided by Sigma-Aldrich (Saint-Quentin Fallavier, France). Ro 19-8022 was a gift from Hoffman Laroche Ltd. (Basel, Switzerland), and formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase (Fpg) a gift from Serge Boiteux, CNRS, France.
6
Insecticide Dose-Response Curves
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Six analytical standards (lambda-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, esfenvalerate, tau-fluvalinate, etofenprox and deltamethrin), one organophosphate (chlorpyrifos), one oxadiazine (indoxacarb) and two neonicotinoids (thiacloprid and acetamiprid) were obtained from Sigma Aldrich Co. LLC., Prague, Czech Republic. Four to seven doses of insecticides diluted with acetone were used to generate dose-response curves. The rates recommended in the Czech Republic for the field application were calculated assuming that the highest recommended rate of a commercial product in 400 L of water is used per hectare (Table 1 ). To generate dose-response curves, the rates of the tested insecticides corresponding to 0.1%-1,000% of the field rates were tested (Table 1 ). thiacloprid was tested in 2015–2017 as the analytical standard and in 2017–2018 as the formulated product Biscaya 240 OD. Stock solutions of Biscaya 240 OD were prepared by dissolving 140.4 mg of Biscaya 240 OD formulation (containing 32.4 mg of thiacloprid) in 2 mL of distilled water, and subsequently adjusted to 100 mL with acetone. All further dilutions were made in acetone.
7
Analysis of Pyrethroid Insecticides
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Seven analytical standard pyrethroid insecticides (bifenthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, esfenvalerate, permethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, and fenvalerate) with 99.1, 99.0, 99.9, 98.5, 91.8, 98.0, and 97.0% purity, respectively (Table S1 Supplementary Material ) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Acetonitrile, methanol, formic acid, and acetone were chromatographic grade and purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Other chemicals of magnesium sulphate (MgSO4: 98% purity), sodium acetate (NaAc; 99% purity), primary secondary amine (PSA: 99% purity), sodium chloride (NaCl: 99% purity), and ammonium formate (98% purity) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany).
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