Spectrum gx

The composition of the tuna-bone-derived HAp was analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy with a Spectrum GX instrument (PerkinElmer Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) attached. During the FT-IR analysis, the spectra were recorded in absorption mode and were scanned 16 times within the wavelength range of 500–4000 cm⁻¹ with a resolution of 4.0 cm⁻¹. To determine the crystalline structure of HAp, X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were obtained using an X-ray diffractometer (Empyrean series 2, PANalytical, Almelo, The Netherlands). HAp was scanned in the continuous scan mode using Cu-Kα radiation with a wavelength of λ = 0.154 nm, at a voltage of 40 kV and a current of 30 mA. Scanning was performed at a temperature of 25 °C in the 2θ range of 10–60°, at a scan rate of 2θ = 2° min⁻¹. Thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC, STA 449 F1 Jupiter, NETZSCH-Feinmahltechnik GmbH, Selb, Germany) measurements were used to conduct a thermal analysis on both the pristine HAp and tuna-bone-derived HAp. The samples were heated to 800 °C at a rate of 5 °C min⁻¹ in the presence of a helium gas flow, while the released gases were simultaneously analyzed by quadrupole mass spectrometry (403 Aëolos, NETZSCH-Feinmahltechnik).

The surface morphological changes of the groups were estimated by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM; SUPRA40VP, Carl Zeiss Co., Oberkochen, Germany) with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) capabilities. The crystalline structure of the surface was analyzed using a multi-purpose high-performance X-ray diffractometer (XRD; X’PERT-PRO Powder; PANalytical Co., Eindhoven, The Netherlands). XRD scanning was performed in the 2θ range from 10° to 90°. Fourier-transform infrared (FT−IR) spectroscopy (Spectrum GX, Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA) was performed at the Center for University-wide Research Facilities (CURF) of Jeonbuk National University to determine the chemical bonding properties of different ginger_(fraction) hydrogels on the surface at a resolution of 4 cm⁻¹ in the range 500–4000 cm⁻¹.

The Nano-GO (1 mg/mL) used in this study was purchased from UniNano Tech Co., Ltd. For size and zeta potential determination, Nano-GO was diluted with deionized water and 10 μg/mL was analyzed using a Zetasizer (Malvern Nano ZS90 series, Malvern, UK). For the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern, the Nano-GO was dried using a freeze-drying method and the Nano-GO was determined using an X-ray diffractometer (PANalytical, Almelo, The Netherlands). Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of Nano-GO were acquired using an FTIR spectrophotometer (Spectrum GX; Perkin Elmer, Inc., Boston, MA, USA). The surface morphology of Nano-GO was examined using a Hitachi H-7600 transmission electron microscope (TEM, Hitachi High-Technologies Corp., Tokyo, Japan).

The different CNTs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy using a JEOL SEM, model JSM-5800 LV.
Raman spectroscopy was performed using a micro-Raman LabRAM HR (Horiba Jobn Yvon, Piscataway, NJ, USA) coupled to an Olympus BX-4 microscope (Olympus, Miami, FL, USA) and Spectrum Gx (Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA). The sample was excited using a laser line at a wavelength of 632.8 nm, and all measurements were performed at room temperature.
The functional groups present in different CNTs were determined by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy in transmittance mode using a Carry 600 Series FTIR Spectrometer (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) equipped with a zinc selenide accessory in attenuated total reflectance (ATR) mode; the wavenumber ranged of 600 cm⁻¹ to 4000 cm⁻¹. CNTs were deposited as dry powders onto a zinc selenide (ZnSe) window, no solvents were used in this process, and all determinations were made at room temperature.
A thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed using a SDT Q600 V20.9 Build 20 (TA Instruments, New Castle, DE, USA) heated at a rate of 10 °C/min to 1000 °C, and air was introduced into the samples at a rate of 25 mL/min.
Finally, 10% SDS–PAGE was carried out, and the proteins were visualized using the ProteoSilver™ Silver Stain Kit (Sigma–Aldrich) to demonstrate the presence of proteins in the sample.

The rice husk was carbonized at 400, 500, and 600°C for 1 h. The rice husk biochar products and rice husk were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR, Spectrum GX, Perkin Elmer, USA), Scanning Electron Microscope coupled with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometer (SEM-EDS, a LEO 1455 VP Electron Microscopy, England), and surface area and porosity analyzer using BET gas adsorption (Micromeritics TriStar II). The approximate analysis of samples was also used for their analysis. The biochar product with the best characteristics and lowest carbonization temperature was collected as growth material for planting panel system.

Spectra of polymerized and unpolymerized specimens were taken with an FT-Raman spectrometer (Spectrum GX, PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA) with a NdYaG laser at a wavelength of 1064 nm, with a laser power of 800 mW and a resolution of 4 cm⁻¹. Specimens (n = 5) that were previously used to test mechanical properties were stored in saline at 37 °C for 30 days, fractured in a three-point bending test, and stored in the dark in a desiccator for the next three days. The spectra of the upper and lower surface of each specimen were recorded. The exposed specimen size was 0.5 mm in diameter. A total of 150 scans were recorded for each spectrum. The spectra were processed in the Matlab program (Mathworks, Natick, MA, USA).
The DC was calculated by comparing the relative change of the integrated band intensities at 1640 cm⁻¹ (aliphatic C=C bonds) and the reference band at 1610 cm⁻¹ (aromatic C=C bonds) of unpolymerized and polymerized specimens. The DC is calculated by including the values of the integrated intensities in the formula:
where R = (aliphatic C=C integrated intensity)/(aromatic C=C integrated intensity).