Spss software v 26

The SPSS software v.26 was used for the statistical analysis. The PQ-B score was considered normally distributed since the skewness and kurtosis values varied between ± 1.96. The Student t test was used to compare two means and the Pearson test to correlate two continuous variables. The moderation analysis was conducted using PROCESS MACRO (an SPSS add-on) v3.4 model 1 [78 ], taking alexithymia as a moderator in the association between gambling and PQ-B. Results were adjusted over all variables that showed a p < .25 in the bivariate analysis. We considered the mediation analysis to be significant if the Boot Confidence Interval did not pass by zero. P < .05 was deemed statistically significant.

The SPSS software v.26 was used for the statistical analysis. The IES score was considered normally distributed since the skewness (= 0.217) and kurtosis ( = − 0.228) values varied between ± 1. The Student t test was used to compare two means and the Pearson test to correlate two continuous variables. The moderation analysis was conducted using PROCESS MACRO (an SPSS add-on) v3.4 model 1, taking work fatigue as a moderator in the association between resilience and PTSS. Interaction terms were probed by examining the association of the predictor with PTSS at the mean, 1 SD below the mean and 1 SD above the mean of the moderators (physical/mental/emotional work fatigue). Results were adjusted over all variables that showed a p < .25 in the bivariate analysis. P < .05 was deemed statistically significant.

To assess the discriminatory validity of the Arabic version of the WHO-5 as a screening tool for depression, we conducted a Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis using the SPSS software v.26, taking the WHO-5 reversed score against the dichotomized CDSS score 6 [46 ]. “This curve plays a central role in evaluating diagnostic ability of tests to discriminate the true state of subjects, finding the optimal cut off values, and comparing two alternative diagnostic tasks when each task is performed on the same subject” [58 ]. The sensitivity and specificity values that show the highest area under the curve (AUC) correspond to the cut off value.

The SPSS software v.26 was used for the statistical analysis. The Chi-2 test was used to compare two categorical variables and the Student t test to compare two means. Logistic regressions were used to calculate the unadjusted/adjusted odds ratios before and after adjustment over variables respectively. P <.05 was deemed statistically significant.

No missing data was found in our database. The SPSS software v.26 was used to analyze the data. Composite reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha, with values ≥ 0.70 considered adequate. All aggression variables showed a normal distribution (skewness and kurtosis between − 1 and + 1) [46 ] except for the physical aggression score. The log transformation was applied, which later showed to be normally distributed. The student t test was used to compare two means. The Pearson test was used to correlate two continuous variables. Four linear regressions were then conducted, taking each aggression variable as a dependent one. The moderation analysis was done using the PROCESS MACRO v.3.4, Model 1 (an SPSS add-on) [47 ]. Interaction terms were probed by examining the association of psychological distress with anger at the mean, 1 SD below the mean and 1 SD above the mean of the moderator (perceived social competence). Regression models were adjusted over variables that showed a p <.25 in the bivariate analysis. P <.05 was deemed statistically significant.

The SPSS software v.26 was used for the statistical analysis. No missing data was found in our database as all questions were required in the Google form. McDonald’s ω and Cronbach’s α were computed for reliability analysis. The academic self-efficacy score was considered normally distributed since the skewness and kurtosis values varied between ± 1.96. The Student t test was used to compare two means and the Pearson test to correlate two continuous variables. The mediation analysis was conducted using PROCESS MACRO (an SPSS add-on) v3.4 model 4 [46 ]; four pathways derived from this analysis: pathway A from the independent variable to the mediator, pathway B from the mediator to the dependent variable, Pathways C and C’ indicating the total and direct effects from the independent to the dependent variable. Results were adjusted over all variables that showed a p <.25 in the bivariate analysis. We considered the mediation analysis to be significant if the Boot Confidence Interval did not pass by zero. P <.05 was deemed statistically significant.