Cyclopamine

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, Italy

Cyclopamine is a naturally occurring chemical compound isolated from the plant Veratrum californicum. It functions as a hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor, which plays a role in embryonic development and cell differentiation.

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Lab products found in correlation

Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (6 mentions) Fetal bovine serum (fbs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (6 mentions) Sb431542, by Merck Group (5 mentions) Purmorphamine, by Merck Group (5 mentions) Su5402, by Merck Group (5 mentions) Fibroblast growth factor 2 (fgf2), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (5 mentions) B 27 serum free supplement, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (4 mentions) Ldn193189, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Dulbecco modified eagle medium (dmem), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (4 mentions) Dmem f12, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions) 2 hydropropyl β cyclodextrin, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Penicillin streptomycin, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Ula 24 well plates, by Corning (2 mentions) Rapamycin, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Sunitinib, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Retinoic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions) 2 hydropropyl β cyclodextrin hβcd, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Xav939, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Mg132, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Penicillin streptomycin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)

95 protocols using cyclopamine

Modulating Sonic Hedgehog and EAAT2 in Traumatic Brain Injury

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Sonic hedgehog and EAAT2 modulation was performed as illustrated in Figure 1.
Purmorphamine: Undamaged fish were intraperitoneally (IP) injected with ~40 µL of 10 µM Purmorphamine (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) using a 30 gauge needle every 12 h for 48 h (0, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h).
Cyclopamine: Fish were exposed to sTBI and IP injected with ~40 µL of 2 mM Cyclopamine (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) using a 30 gauge needle at 4, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hpi.
ceftriaxone: Undamaged fish were IP injected with ~40 µL of 10 mM ceftriaxone (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) using a 30 gauge needle ever 12 h for 48 h (0, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h).
6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX): Fish were exposed to sTBI and IP injected with ~40 µL of 2 mM CNQX (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and 2 mM Cyclopamine using a 30 gauge needle at 4, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hpi.
Valproic acid (VPA): Fish were exposed to sTBI and IP injected with ~40 µL of 2 mM VPA (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and 2 mM Cyclopamine using a 30 gauge needle at 4, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hpi.
GABAPentin (GABAP): Fish were exposed to sTBI and IP injected with ~40 µL of 3 mM GABAP (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and 2 mM Cyclopamine using a 30 gauge needle at 4, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hpi.

Hentig J., Campbell L.J., Cloghessy K., Lee M., Boggess W, & Hyde D.R. (2021). Prophylactic Activation of Shh Signaling Attenuates TBI-Induced Seizures in Zebrafish by Modulating Glutamate Excitotoxicity through Eaat2a. Biomedicines, 10(1), 32.

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Osteogenic Differentiation of MSCs with Naproxen

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In every well of a six-well plate (Sarstedt, QC, Canada), 5 × 10⁵ MSCs were plated and cultured in expansion medium overnight. The floating cells were removed and the attached cells were cultured until the confluence was more than 90%. Then the cells were cultured in osteogenic differentiation medium for 3 days to allow the cells to adapt to the new environment. Afterwards, the cells were cultured in 3 mL/well of osteogenic differentiation medium with 0.5 μM Npx (Sigma-Aldrich, Oakville, ON, Canada). The cells cultured without Npx were used as control cells. To test the effect of cyclopamine (Cpn) on gene expression in MSCs, 0.5 μM cyclopamine (Sigma-Aldrich) was dissolved in the culture medium. The osteogenic differentiation medium was prepared with high-glucose DMEM containing 10% FBS, 0.1 μM dexamethasone, 10 mM β-glycerophosphate, 50 μM L-ascorbic acid, 100 units/mL penicillin, and 100 μg/mL streptomycin.

Salem O., Wang H.T., Alaseem A.M., Ciobanu O., Hadjab I., Gawri R., Antoniou J, & Mwale F. (2014). Naproxen affects osteogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells via regulation of Indian hedgehog signaling molecules. Arthritis Research & Therapy, 16(4), R152.

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Smoothened Inhibition in Mice

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Sca1-eGFP mice were treated with the Smoothened inhibitor, cyclopamine,
or the vehicle 2-hydropropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HβCD)
(Sigma-Aldrich) alone as a control, (essentially as described by van den Brink
(van den Brink et al. 2001 (link))). Mice
were injected (250 μl max volume) intraperitoneally (IP) 1 day before
ligation, then every other day after ligation at a dose of 10 mg/kg cyclopamine
(Sigma-Aldrich) dissolved in a solution of 45% (w/v) HβCD. There
was no effect of cyclopamine treatment on mouse body weight, compared to the
HβCD vehicle control group (data not shown).

Fitzpatrick E., Han X., Liu W., Corcoran E., Burtenshaw D., Morrow D., Helt J.C., Cahill P.A, & Redmond E.M. (2017). Alcohol Reduces Arterial Remodeling by Inhibiting Sonic Hedgehog-Stimulated Sca1+ Progenitor Stem Cell Expansion. Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research, 41(12), 2051-2065.

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Smoothened Inhibitor Treatment in Mice

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Sca1-eGFP mice were treated with the smoothened inhibitor, cyclopamine, or the vehicle 2-hydropropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HβCD) (Sigma–Aldrich) alone as a control, (essentially as described previously)^{86 (link)}. Mice were injected (250 μl max volume) intraperitoneally (IP) 1 day before ligation, then every other day after ligation at a dose of 10 mg/kg cyclopamine (Sigma–Aldrich) dissolved in a solution of 45% (w/v) HβCD. There was no effect of cyclopamine treatment on mouse body weight, compared to the HβCD vehicle control group (data not shown).

Di Luca M., Fitzpatrick E., Burtenshaw D., Liu W., Helt J.C., Hakimjavadi R., Corcoran E., Gusti Y., Sheridan D., Harman S., Lally C., Redmond E.M, & Cahill P.A. (2021). The calcium binding protein S100β marks hedgehog-responsive resident vascular stem cells within vascular lesions. NPJ Regenerative Medicine, 6, 10.

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Spinal Cord Injury Modeling in Zebrafish

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The protocol to perform spinal cord injury in zebrafish larvae was previously described [38 ]. Transgenic larvae (Tg(0.6foxj1a:GFP)) at 5 dpf were anaesthetized in 0.016% tricaine in embryo medium and placed on their side in a drop of medium in a Petri dish. The injury was performed at the level of the anal pore using a 20G × 1″ syringe needle (Terumo) to transect the region dorsal to the notochord that contains the spinal cord. Injured larvae were carefully transferred to fresh embryo medium and maintained at 28°C until the time of analysis.
To inhibit the Shh signalling pathway in injured larvae, cyclopamine (Sigma, C4116) was added at a concentration of 200 µM to the medium 1 day after the injury and fresh medium with cyclopamine was added again at 2 dpi. A control group of injured larvae was treated with an equivalent volume of DMSO (cyclopamine vehicle). The drug-treated larvae were kept in the dark at 28°C until the time of analysis.

Ribeiro A., Monteiro J.F., Certal A.C., Cristovão A.M, & Saúde L. (2017). Foxj1a is expressed in ependymal precursors, controls central canal position and is activated in new ependymal cells during regeneration in zebrafish. Open Biology, 7(11), 170139.

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Modulation of Embryonic Development

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Embryos were incubated in embryo media with DMSO or: 12.5 µM or 25 µM of MG132 (Sigma-Aldrich) in DMSO, 10 µM AGN 194310 (Med Chem Express) in DMSO, 0.2 µM DMH1 (Sigma-Aldrich) in DMSO, 10 µM cyclopamine (Sigma-Aldrich) in EtOH or 75 µM purmorphamine (Sigma-Aldrich) in DMSO starting at 5.5 hpf for cyclopamine and purmorphomine and 10 hpf for AGN194310, DMH1 and MG132, all embryos were fixed at 24 hpf.

Pereira Piedade W., Veith S, & Famulski J.K. (2019). Ubiquitin-mediated proteasome degradation regulates optic fissure fusion. Biology Open, 8(6), bio044974.

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Developing Zebrafish Embryo Drug Delivery

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All the drugs were directly delivered in egg water of dechorionated embryos with the exception of αBungarotoxin as specified below. Mitochondria-targeting drugs (Figure 8 and Supplementary Figure S8) were added from 24 hpf and rinsed at 28 hpf or at 48 hpf, with the following concentrations: FCCP (C2920, Sigma-Aldrich, 100 nM, 500 nM, 1 μM); Oligomycin A (75351, Sigma-Aldrich, 3 μM); Valinomycin (V1644, Invitrogen, 1 μM); Rotenone (R8875, Sigma-Adrich, 100 nM); H₂O₂ (31642, Sigma-Aldrich, 100 μM, 2 mM); MDIVI-1 (M0199, Sigma-Aldrich, 50 μM); Paraquat (36541, Sigma-Aldrich, 100 μM) and Na₂SO₃ (S0505, Sigma-Aldrich, 150 mM). Morphogens-targeting drugs (Figure 7) were applied from 10 hpf: Shh-antagonist Cyclopamine (C4116, Sigma-Aldrich, 50 μM); Shh-agonist SAG (sml1314; Sigma-Aldrich, 10 μM), BMP-antagonist DMH1 (D8946, Sigma-Aldrich, 10 μM). To block muscle contractions, 4 nl of αBungarotoxin-TRITC (T0195, Sigma-Aldrich, 100 μM) were injected in the blood stream of 24 hpf embryos.

Arribat Y., Grepper D., Lagarrigue S., Richard J., Gachet M., Gut P, & Amati F. (2019). Mitochondria in Embryogenesis: An Organellogenesis Perspective. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, 7, 282.

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iPSK3 Cell Differentiation Protocol

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Undifferentiated human iPSK3 cells were seeded into ultra-low attachment (ULA) 24-well plates (Corning Inc., Corning, NY) at 3 × 10⁵ cells/well in differentiation medium composed of DMEM/F-12 plus 2% B27 serum-free supplement (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA). iPSK3 cells were seeded in the presence of Y27632 (10 μM). After 24 h, Y27632 was removed and the formed embryoid bodies (EB) were treated with dual SMAD signaling inhibitors of 10 μM SB431542 (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and 100 nM LDN193189 (Sigma) over 7 days. Then on day 8, the spheroids were treated with fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 (10 ng/mL, Life Technologies) and cyclopamine (an Shh inhibitor, 1 μM, Sigma) for cortical differentiation for 21 days.^{22 (link),33 (link),34 (link)} The cells were replated onto growth factor reduced Matrigel-coated surfaces and treated with different iron oxide nanoparticles for another 2–4 days prior to further downstream experiments (Figure 1B, C). On the basis of our previous studies,^{35 (link),36 (link)} the labeling efficiency for microsized particles of iron oxides (MPIO) can reach 50–80%. It was estimated that the labeling efficiency for nanoscale iron oxides should be similar or higher than MPIO.

Marzano M., Bou-Dargham M.J., Cone A.S., York S., Helsper S., Grant S.C., Meckes DG J.r., Sang Q.X, & Li Y. (2021). Biogenesis of Extracellular Vesicles Produced from Human-Stem-Cell-Derived Cortical Spheroids Exposed to Iron Oxides. ACS biomaterials science & engineering, 7(3), 1111-1122.

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Embryonic Limb Bud Treatment

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Cyclopamine (Sigma) was suspended in control carrier (45% 2-hydropropyl-β-cyclodextrin in PBS, Sigma, to a concentration of 1 μg/μl) and 4 μl pipetted directly onto embryos over the limb bud, after removal of vitelline membranes. PD0332991 was resuspended in DMEM at a concentration of and 0.1 μg/μl and 20 μl pipetted after removal of vitelline membranes. Note in all cases, control wings were treated with 2-hydropropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HBC) or DMEM only.

Pickering J., Chinnaiya K, & Towers M. (2019). An autoregulatory cell cycle timer integrates growth and specification in chick wing digit development. eLife, 8, e47625.

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Cyclopamine Treatment of Limb Buds

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Cyclopamine (Sigma) was suspended in control carrier [45% 2-hydropropyl-β-cyclodextrin in PBS (Sigma)] to a concentration of 1 mg/ml and 4 μl was pipetted directly onto embryos over the limb bud, after removal of vitelline membranes. Note that in all cases, untreated wings were treated with 2-hydropropyl-β-cyclodextrin only.

Pickering J, & Towers M. (2016). Inhibition of Shh signalling in the chick wing gives insights into digit patterning and evolution. Development (Cambridge, England), 143(19), 3514-3521.

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